LUTING CEMENTS & ITS RECENT ADVANCES

CONTENTS
Introduction
Definition
Ideal requirements
Classifications
Characteristics of Abutment - Prosthesis interface
Cementation and Mechanism of Bonding
Cements and its recent advances
Conclusion
References
 INTRODUCTION
 The word LUTING means use of a moldable substance to seal a space or to
cement two components together.
 They provide link between supporting restoration & prepared teeth by acting
as adhesive.
 DEFINITION-
 According to GPT-9 , Luting cement is defined as any material used to
attach or cement indirect restorations to prepared teeth.
 According to Anusavice, cement is a substance that hardens to act as a
base liner, filling material or adhesive to bind devices and prosthesis to tooth
structure or to each other.
 Cementation is the process of attaching a restoration to natural teeth by
means of cement..
Evolution of cements
 IDEAL REQUIREMENTS
1. well adapted.
2. Presence of no pulp irritating toxic material.
3. Anticariogenic qualities.
4. Very low dissolution into oral liquids.
5. Low viscosity and film thickness.
6. Resistant against mastication forces and pulling forces.
7. Sufficient light transparency.
8. Sufficient heat insulation.
9. Sufficient working time and be easy to manipulate.
10. Able to bond to tooth.
11. Long shelf-life.

Ebru sumer, Yalcın Deger. Contemporary Permanent Luting Agents Used in Dentistry: A Literature Review
Int Dent Res 2011;1:26-31.
 CLASSIFICATION
According to CRAIG 12th Ed. - ( Based on ingredients and application ):-
1.Water based cements
Glass & Resin modified glass ionomer
Zinc Polyacrylate
Zinc Phosphate
2.Resin based cements
Composite & adhesive resin
Compomers
3.Oil based cements
Zinc Oxide Eugenol
Non Eugenol -Zinc Oxide
 According to the setting reaction – E.C. Combe
a) Acid Base Reaction Cements
Zinc Phosphate, Zinc Polycarboxylate, Glass Ionomer,
b) Polymerising Materials
Resin cements and compomers
c) Other Materials
Calcium Hydroxide, Guttapercha, Varnishes
According to purpose of use -
a) Provisional cements
- Zinc Oxide cements
- Zinc Polycarboxylate
b) Definitive cements
- Zinc Phosphate
- Zinc Polycarboxylate
- Glass Ionomer
- Resin modified Glass Ionomer
- Resin Cements
According to Rosensteil -

a) Non Adhesive Luting:

Zinc phosphate,
Zinc oxide eugenol cement

b) Micromechanical Bonding:
Resin cements

c) Molecular Adhesion:
Polycarboxylates,
Glass ionomer
Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cements
According to O’Brien - ( Based upon the Matrix forming Species)

a) Phosphate bonded (Zinc Phosphate)

b) Phenolate bonded (Zinc Oxide Eugenol Cement)

c) Carboxylate bonded (Zinc Polycarboxylate Cement)

d) Methacrylate (Resin Cement)

Characteristics of Abutment - Prosthesis Interface
 Procedure for cementation of prostheses
• Effective cement thickness - 25 µm

• Variables that can facilitate seating of prosthesis include -

• Using a cement of lower viscosity.
• Increasing the taper of preparation.
• Decreasing the height of crown preparation.
• Vibration.
 Mechanism of Bonding
Proposed by Shillingburg -

Non Adhesive Luting. Micromechanical Bonding

Molecular Adhesion
 ZINC PHOSPHATE
• Oldest of the luting cement -1878

• Classification - According to Anusavice

Type I
- Fine grained for luting
- Film thickness should be less than 25 µm
Type II
- Medium grained
- Film thickness 40 µm
- High strenght thermal insulating base
 Composition
Powder:
Zinc oxide 90.2% principal constituent
Magnesium 8.2% aids in sintering
Other oxides 0.2% improves smoothness
(Bi2O3 , CaO , etc.)
Silica 1.4% filler, aids in sintering
Liquid:
Phosphoric acid 38.2% reacts with ZnO
Water 36% controls rate of ionization
AlPO4 or ZnPO4 16.2% buffer
Aluminum 2.5%
Zinc 7.1%
Working and Setting Time Retention
Manipulation
 SETTING REACTION
Powder & liquid mixed

Phosphoric acid attacks the surface

Release of zinc ions & reaction of Al with phosphoric acid Al & Zn ions

react with phosphoric acid

Zinc alumino phosphate gel

and surrounds with un reacted particle

APPLICATIONS:-
• Luting permanent restorations
• Bases
• Cementation of orthodontic bands
• Provisional restoration

ADVANTAGES :- DISADVANTAGES :-
• High compressive strength • Brittle
• Good thermal and • Low tensile strength
electrical insulator • Cannot be used to lute full
• Low solubility ceramic
• No chemical adhesion
• Pulp irritant
 Zinc silico phosphate
• Combination of zinc phosphate & silicate cement
• Used for cementation orthodontic bands & restoring
nonvital teeth.
Advantages :
• Better & toughness than zinc
phosphate.
• Fluoride release & degree of
translucency.
• Lower solubility & better bonding.
Disadvantages :
• Less satisfactory mixing & rheological
properties
• Leading to higher film thickness &
 Zinc polycarboxylate

• 1960
• First - adhesive bond to
tooth structure.
 COMPOSITION
Powder Liquid
• Zinc oxide – 72% Basic ingredient • Liqueous solution of polyacrylic
acid (32-48%)
Modifier , Or
• Magnesium oxide – 7%
Aids in sintering Copolymer of acrylic acid with
•
other unsaturated carboxylic acids
• Other oxides like (itaconic , maleic , tricarballylic
bismuth and acids)
aluminium • Itaconic & tartaric – prevent gelling
• Stannous fluoride - Increases strength,
modifies setting time,
anticariogenic
 Manipulation
• P:L = 3:2
• Powder is rapidly incorporated into the liquid in large quantities.
• Mixing time 30 – 60 sec
• Working time : 2.5 min
• Setting time : 6-9 min

Glossy Appearance Dull Appearance

 Chemical reaction

When acid comes in contact with powder, acid reacts and

releases zinc, magnesium, and tin ions

They bond to the polymer chain , through the carboxyl groups

These ions also react with carboxylic groups of adjacent poly

acid chains

Cross inked salts are formed

APPLICATIONS:-
• luting permanent restorations
• bases and liners
• Cementation in orthodontic bands
• Pedo stainless steel crowns

ADVANTAGES :- DISADVANTAGES :-
• Chemical bond • Set – rubbery consistency.
• Mild pulp response • Short working time & setting time
• Anticariogenic • Compressive strength poor
compared to zinc phosphate
 Zinc oxide eugenol
• since 1890’ s
• least irritant as imparts obtundant or sedative
effect
• Compatible with the hard and soft tissues of
the mouth

CLASSIFICATION :-
• Type 1 ZOE – for temporary cementation
• Type 2 ZOE – permanent cementation
• Type 3 ZOE – temporary filling material
• Type 4 ZOE – Cavity liners
 Composition
Powder Liquid
• Zinc oxide – 69% Principle • Eugenol – 85% - reacts with
ingredient zinc oxide
• White rosin – 29.3% Reduce • Olive oil – 15% - plasticizer
brittleness
• Zinc stearate – 1% Accelerator ,
plasticizer
• Zinc acetate – 0.7% Accelerator ,
improves strength
• Magnesium oxide
Setting reaction
• Acid Base Reaction.
Zn(OH)2 + 2HE → ZnE2 + 2H2O
P:L = 4:1 to 6:1 by wt
 Advances of zinc oxide eugenol cements
Resin reinforced ZOE Cement -
• Luting agent, Base, temporary filling material and as a cavity liner.
 COMPOSITION
POWDER :
Zinc powder – 80.0%
Poly methyl-methacrylate – 20.0%(bond to other components)
Zinc stearate - traces (accelerator)
Zinc acetate
Thymol & hydroxyquinoline – traces (antimicrobial agent)
LIQUID:
Eugenol – 85%
Olive oil – 15% as plasticizer ,
masks irritating effect of eugenol).
 EBA AND OTHER CHELATE CEMENTS
COMPOSITION

Powder
ZnO
Aluminium oxide/other mineral fillers – 20-30% Polymeric reinforcing agent (poly
methyl methacrylate) Barium sulphate - radiopacity
Liquid
O- ethoxy benzoic acid 50- 60%
Eugenol – Remaining part

Applications
• Luting agent
• Cavity bases
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Easy manipulation •More critical proportioning
• Long working time
• Hydrolytic breakdown in
• Good flow
oral fluids
• Strength
• Liability to plastic
• Minimal irritation to the pulp
• deformation
• Good fit retention under stress
• Cavity bases.
• Less retention than zinc
phosphate cements
 Non- Eugenol cement
A premixed non eugenol paste.

Contains :-
Zinc oxide , Zinc sulphate , Calcium sulphate , Glycol acetate , Poly vinyl acetate ,
Triethanolamine , Red pigments.

Indications-
Temporary restorations
Cavity bases.

• Setting reaction initiated by saliva & water.

• Better sealing into cavity walls due to hydroscopic properties.
• Minimum thickness of at least 3 to 3.5 mm required.
• It is not satisfactory material for cementation.
• PH same as ZOE.
 Zitemp - Quick Set ZOE
Composition:
• Powder : Zinc Oxide
• Liquid : Eugenol, zinc acetate excipients
Indications:
• Temporary restoration,
• Cavity liner,
• Temporary fixation of crowns and bridges.
Advantages:
 Easy mix
 Rapid setting
 Effective thermal and chemical insulator
 High compressive strength
 Excellent cavity liner compatible under most restorative materials
 Glass-ionomer cement
•Glass ionomer-term coined by wilson & kent
Glass-alumino silicate glass particles ionomer-poly carboxylic acid.
• ISO terminology - Poly alkenoate cement.

Classification - According to the clinical use -

Type I- Luting
Type II- Restorative
Type III- Liner/ Base
Type IV- Pit & Fissure Sealant
Type V- Luting for Orthodontic Purpose
Type VI- Core build up material
Type VII- High fluoride releasing
Type VIII- Atraumatic restorative treatment
Type IX- Geriatric & Paediatric GIC
 COMPOSITION
Powder – Liquid -
• Silica – 41.9 % • Polyacrylic acid in the form of
• Alumina – 28.6 % copolymer with itaconic acid ,
• Aluminum fluoride – 1.6% maleic acid and tricaballylic acid
• Calcium fluoride – 15.7% • Tartaric acid
• Sodium fluoride – 9.3% • water
• Aluminum phosphate – 3.8%

Working time & setting time

• It sets rapidly in the mouth that is within 3-5 min and hardens to form a
body having translucency that matches enamel
• Setting time for type I –GIC – 5 -7 min
• Setting time for type II–GIC --10 min
• Film thickness should not exceed 20μm for luting agents.
 Manipulation
Liquid should not stay on
paper pad longer than 1minute
Full spoon, (some of it may soak into it)
no excess
Don’t mix beyond 30
seconds
Tip liquid bottle to The objective is – only wet the
side, then
particle – no dissolving it.
invert completely
If water / tartaric
acid, only 1 drop First half folded into liquid in
used 10-15seconds

Second half incorporated in 15

seconds
Small mixing area
 Crisp S., Kent B.E., Lewis B.G., Ferner A.J., Wilson A.D. Glass ionomer cement formulations. II. The
synthesis of novel polycarboxylic acids. J. Dent. Res. 1980;59:1055–1063.
 Mechanism of adhesion
• Polyalkenoic acid attacks dentine and enamel: displaces PO4,Ca ions
• Migrate into cement and develop an ion enriched layer firmly attached to
tooth structure.
• The bond strength to enamel is always higher than that to dentin because of the
greater inorganic content & greater homogenity.
• Smith – chelation of calcium(1968)
• Beech –
interaction between apatite polyacrylate Ionic bonds with calcium
and poly acrylic acid ions ions in enamel and dentin
Acc. to Wilson, Prosser and Powis(1983)
•Polyacrylate displaces and replaces surface phosphate and calcium from
hydroxyapatite
•An intermediate layer of Ca and Al phosphates and polyacrylates is
formed.
 Properties of Glass Ionomer cement (luting)

1.Setting time(min) • 7.0

2.Film thickness(μm) • 24
3. 24 hr compressive • 86
strength (Mpa)
4. 24 hr diametrical • 6.2
tensile
strength (Mpa)
• 7.3
5.Elastic modulus(Gpa)
• 1.25
6.Solubility in water(Wt%)
• Mild to moderate
7.Pulp response

119
 Advances of GIC-
• 1. Bioactive glass.
• 2. CPP-ACP.
• 3. Reinforced GIC
• 4. Zirconomer / White amalgam .
• 5. Chlorhexidine impregnated GIC .
• 6. Nanobioceramic impregnated GIC.
• 7. Ceramir/ Ca Aluminate GIC - Most recent.

Srikumar, Naiza Elsa, Mookambika, Aanchal Agrawal. Newer advances in glass ionomer cement: A review.
Annals and Essences of Dentistry Vol. VIII Issue 4 2016.
 RESIN MODIFIED GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS

• Definition: RMGIC can be defined as a hybrid cement that sets via an acid base
reaction and partly via a photo- chemical polymerization reaction.
• Eg:Fuji II LC, Vitrebond, Photac –Fil, Vitremer, FujiV.

SETTING REACTION -
2 distinct setting reactions occur
• Acid base neutralization
• Light cure.
 PROPERTIES OF RMGIC

•Improved Esthetics
•Fluoride release
•Tensile strength higher
•compressive strength lesser
•Adhesion to tooth is reduced
•Adhesion to composites is increased
•Micro leakage: high
•Water sensitivity - reduced.
• ADVANTAGES • DISADVANTAGES
• Long Working time • Increased shrinkage
• Snap setting • microleakage
• Early water sensitivity is reduced • Low wear resistance as compared
• Rapid development of early strength to composites
• No etching is needed • Its controversial biocompatibility
• Bonding to composite is higher
• Finishing can be done immediately
• F release
• tensile strength is higher
 POLYACID MODIFIED RESIN COMPOSITE /COMPOMER

•Definition: Compomer can be defined as a material that contains both the essential
components of GIC but at levels insufficient to promote the acid –base curing reaction
in the dark
• Compomer is a combination of the word ‘comp’ for composite “omer” for ionomer.

Durability
of
Fluoride
releasing
COMPOMER
composites capability
of gic
SETTING REACTION:-
Setting reaction occurs in 2 stages
•Stage 1: In contrast to RMGIC, a typical composite resin network around filler
particles forms on light activation
•Stage II : occurs over 2-3 months where by water from the saliva gets absorbed and
initiates a slow acid base reaction with formation of hydrogels within the resin and
low level fluoride release.
 PROPERTIES
• ADHESION: to tooth requires acid etching
• FLUORIDE RELEASE: is limited.
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: better than GIC but less than composites.
INDICATIONS CONTRAINDICATIONS
• Pits and fissure sealant • Class IV lesions
• Restoration of primary teeth, • Conventional class II cavities
• Lost cusp areas
• class III and V restorations
• Restorations involving large labial
• Bases for composites,
surface
• liners
• Small core build ups
• Root surface sealing
• Recently, a 2 component
compomer is being marketed as
a P: L system or 2 paste
system meant exclusively for
luting.
• These are self adhesive due
to the presence of water
which starts off the acid base
reaction.
 Metal Modified GIC
 Introduced to improve –
 Strength
 Fracture toughness
 Types –
 Silver alloy admixed
 Cermet
 Uses –
 Core - build up
 Restoration of class I cavity
 Condensable / Self hardening GIC
• Purely chemically activated RMGIC with no light activation at all.
• Indicated for paediatric dentistry for cementation of stainless steel crowns,space
maintainers, bands and brackets.

Advantages over conventional GIC’s( A Castro & R F Feigal,2001)

• Packable + Condensable
• Easy placement
• Non sticky
• Rapid finishing can be carried out
• Improved wear resistance
• Solubility in oral fluids is very low
 CALCIUM ALUMINATE GIC
• A hybrid product with a composition between that of calcium aluminate and GIC,
designed for luting fixed prostheses.
• COMPOSITION

POWDER LIQUID
• calcium aluminate • 99.6% water
• polyacrylic acid • 0.4%
• tartaric acid additives
• Strontium fluoroalumino-glass controlling
• strontium fluoride setting.
 Resin Cements
• Resin cements are one type of composite consisting of resin matrix and filler
inorganic particles.
• The bonding between resin matrix and fillers are created with organo silane as inter
phase agent
• According to CRAIG -
Class I - self cure materials
Class 2 - Light cure
Class 3 - Dual cure
• According to Adhesive mechanism -
Total etch
Self etch
Self adhesive
CLASSIFICATION OF RESIN CEMENTS

RESIN

SELF-
ADHESIVE
ADHESIVE

TOTAL-ETCH SELF-ETCH RelyX U200,

Multilink

SELF-CURE DUAL-CURE LIGHT-CURE Panavia F2.0

C&B RelyX Veneer,

RelyX ARC,
Metabond, Variolink
Variolink Veneer
Superbond 2
Composition:

 Powder /liquid or two paste form.

 Resin matrix / binder– Bis GMA / urethane
dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol
dimethacrylate
 Fillers – quartz ,colloidal silica /metal oxides

 Coupling
Also agents – organosilanes
contains – Hydroquinone: premature
prevents polymerisation,
 Opacifiers: Ti dioxide ,Al oxide
 Colour pigments to match the tooth colour
DBA is needed to promote adhesion of resin cements to dentin
 Properties
• Compressive strength – 180 Mpa

• Tensile strength : 30Mpa

• Solubility –insoluble in oral fluids
• Film Thickness: 10- 25µm

• Adhesion properties- Micromechanical bonding

• Biological properties- Pulp irritation
• Microleakage – Microleakage due to polymerization shrinkage
 Manipulation
• Etching the restoration –

• Metal surface by blasting with 30 – 50 µm alumina

• Porcelain – etched by using hydrofluoric acid

• Orthodontic brackets – fine mesh on bonding side

- coating with organosilane

• Etching the tooth surface –

• Etched with phosphoric acid followed by application of bonding agent

 Total Etch Self Etch Self Adhesive
• Acid etching • Self-etch primer • Do not require
• Self-priming adhesive • Adhesive pretreatment of tooth
• Acidic monomers etch
and
prime the tooth
• Phosphate esters
bond to
tooth
 Self etch resin cements
•INDICATIONS
• Crowns and bridges with a lot of healthy dentin
• When retention is compromised
• Few walls remaining
• Low esthetic demand
• Isolation is difficult
• Medium strength restorations
 ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGES
S

• Good bond strength to dentin • Weak bond to enamel and highly

• Ease of use calcified tooth structure
• Less risk of over-etching the dentin • May cause postoperative
• Less risk of postoperative sensitivity sensitivity
• Need refrigeration
• Less available shades
 SELF-ADHESIVE RESIN CEMENTS
Defined as cements based on filled polymers designed to adhere to tooth
structure without the requirement of a separate adhesive or etchant.
• COMPOSITION
Non acidic methacrylate monomers
Acid functionalized monomers
• With carboxylic acid groups
• With phosphoric acid groups
Indications -
•Medium to High strength ceramics
•When retention is compromised
•When isolation and time constraints are a problem
• Preparations were dentin is predominant
• Low aesthetic demand Isolation is difficult
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• Less clinical step • Lower bond strength

• Not technique sensitive
• Less postoperative sensitivity
 BONDING

BONDING
SYSTEM

ETCHANT PRIMER ADHESIVE

 Etchant
• An acidic agent that dissolves the inorganic structure in
dentine , resulting in a collagen mesh that allows
infiltration of an adhesive resin .

OBJECTIVE :
• To create a surface capable of micromechanical and
possibly chemical bonding to a dentin bonding agent.
1. Removes smear layer.
2. Increases permeability of dentin.
 CONDITIONING OF DENTIN
Chemical conditioning
Acidic conditioners.

Calcium chelators.
Thermal thermal conditioning
Lasers

Mechanical conditioning
Microabrasions
 Conditioners
• 17% EDTA

• 1% Nitric acid

• Tenure (ferric oxalate)

• Aluminium oxalate

• 37% phosphoric acid

• 2.5% maleic acid

• 10% citric acid

• Hard tissue lasers viz. pulsed Nd:YAG lasers.

 PRIMERS
• Monomers dissloved in solvents such as water, acetone, alcohol.
• Primer is a bifunctional molecule i.e. it contains a hydrophobic and a
hydrophilic group.
• Hydrophobic –has the affinity for resin.
• Hydrophilic group –– has affinity for the dentinal surface.

• ROLE OF PRIMERS :-
Increases the surface wettability and spreadability of the monomer.

Stabilize the collagen fibers.

Enhances the monomer penetration.

 Bonding agent
• Includes monomers that are hydrophobic such as Bis –GMA ,contain small
percentage of hydrophilic monomer such as HEMA
• Copolymerizes with primer molecule
• Penetrates and polymerizes into interfibrillar spaces to serve as backbone to
hybrid layer
 CLASSIFICATION
 First generation dentine bonding agents :

 N-phenyl-glycine-glycidyl methacrylate ( NPG-GMA)

 Acts as primer & adhesion promoter between enamel/dentin & resin.
 Bonding-- chelation
• Drawbacks -
1. Lack of adequate bond strength.
2. As it is hydrophobic in nature, close adaptation to the hydrophilic dentine could not
be achived.
3. Biocompatibility was not appropritae.
4. Instability of NPG-GMA in solution.
5. Bond strength to dentine only 2-3MPa.
SECOND GENERATION
• Developed in the early 1980s.
• The agents used were—
• BisGMA or HEMA.
• Polyurethans.
• Bonding– ionic bond to calcium by chlorophosphate group.
• E.g. Clearfil,Scotch bond,Prismal universal bond.

DRAWBACKS :-
1. It is not possible to achive long lasting bond.
2. Biocompatibility was not appropriate.
3. Bond strnegth to dentin only 2.8 MPa
 Third Generation
This generation dentin bonding agent requires either removal or modification of
the smear layer.
These agents used a conditioning step on the dentin in conjunction with a
bonding agent.
Three steps :-
• conditioning.
• Priming.
• Application of bonding agent.
Oxalate - First available 3rd generation DBS
Gluma
Scotchbond
Other agents of this generations –
Xrbond,prisma universal,clearfil,liner
Drawbacks :-

1. Retention decreases with time.

2. The resin did not penetrate through the smear layer.
3. Increased chair side complexity.
4. More time consuming.
5. Technique sensitive.
 Fourth Generation
• Based on concept of hybridization for attaining attachment.
Advantages-
1. Reduced technique sensitivity
2. Similar bond strengths to enamel & dentin.
3. No reduction in bond strength when applied to moist surface.
4. Some systems can bond to mineralized
tissue,metal,amalgam,porcelain,indirect composite restorations.
Eg.All-Bond-2, Clearfil Linear Bond 2
 Fifth Generation
• This generation also based on concept of hybridization & rely on the wet bonding
technique.
• One component resin. (priming & bonding steps combined)
eg.Prime & Bond,Single bond

• Advantages:-
1. Post operative sensitivity is rare.
2. Improved marginal intigrity.
3. Combination of etching & priming steps
decreases the working time.
4. Elimination of washing out of the acidic gel,
therefore elimination of risk of collagen collapse.
 Sixth generation
All three components, etchant,primer,adhesive resin in a single solution.
Show less bond strength to enamel as compared to dentin.
TWO TYPES
Type 1 – self etching primer & adhesive.
Type 2 – self etching adhesive.

Type 1 (self-etching primer & adhesive)-

Two bottles - Liquid 1(acidic primer), Liquid 2(adhesive)
e.g. Nano Bond,0ptibond,Prompt L-pop
Type 2 (self-etching adhesive)
Two bottles, liquid A containing acid primer & liquid B contain adhesive
A drop of each liquid is mixed & applied.
e.g. XENO III
 Seventh Generation
These are modifications of type 2 sixth generation bonding agents.
• Single bottle system.
• Unprepared enamel require etching with phosphoric acid.
• The formulation is light cured.
e.g. G-Bond, i-Bond
 Eight Generation
• Futura M bond is one component, lightcuring self etched bond
nano reinforced for creating durable bond between tooth surface
and restorative without microleakage.
Advantages Disadvantages
• Low solubility • More film thicknes
• Good retention •Microleakage
• Strength • Pulp irritation
• Good aesthetic • Cost
 Conclusion
Each cement type has different physical, mechanical and
biological features arising from its own chemical structure.
That is why one single cement type alone is not sufficient
for daily clinical applications.
To achieve a clinical success, any clinician is expected to
be aware of the qualities, advantages and disadvantages
of each type of cement and conduct their clinical
applications.
 References
• Philip’s science of dental materials, 12th edition Anusavice.
• Contemporary fixed prosthodontics, 5th edition Rosensteil.
• Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics, 4th edition Shillingburg.
• Restorative dental materials, 13th edition Craig.
• Ebru sumer, Yalcın Deger. Contemporary Permanent Luting Agents Used in
Dentistry: A Literature Review Int Dent Res 2011;1:26-31.
• Stephen F. Rosenstiel. Dental luting agents: A review of the current literature. J
Prosthet Dent 1998;80:280-301
• EE Hill, J Lott. A clinically focused discussion of luting materials Australian Dental
Journal 2011; 56:(1 Suppl): 67–76
• Srikumar, Naiza Elsa, Mookambika, Aanchal Agrawal. Newer advances in glass
ionomer cement: A review. Annals and Essences of Dentistry Vol. VIII Issue 4 2016.
• Crisp, Kent , Lewis , Ferner , Wilson . Glass ionomer cement formulations. II. The
synthesis of novel polycarboxylic acids. J. Dent. Res. 1980;59:1055–1063.
Thank you !!