Software Project Management
Fifth Edition
Chapter 8
Resource
allocation
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Schedules
Activity schedule - indicating start and completion
dates for each activity
Resource schedule - indicating dates when
resources needed + level of resources
Cost schedule showing cumulative expenditure
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Resources
These include
Labour
equipment (e.g. workstations)
materials
space
Services
Time: elapsed time can often be reduced by adding
more staff
Money: used to buy the other resources
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Identify Resource Requirements
First step of resource allocation is to list thr resources
required + level of demand.
This is done by identifying the resources needed for
each activity and create a resource requirement list
Some resources may be project specific.
Allocate resource types to activities and examine the
resource histogram
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Resource histogram:
systems analysts
5
STAFF REQD.
WEEK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Scheduling Resources
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Scheduling Resources
•After producing Requirement list next is to
distribute resources over duration of Project.
•Done by representing Activity Plan as bar
chart & using this to produce resource
histogram for each activity.
•Each Activity is started at its earliest date, to
save float to allow for contingencies.
•Levels of resources changes over project time.
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Resource smoothing
It is seen that some designers are idle for some days in
between.
Staff often have to be employed for a continuous block
of time.
Therefore desirable to employ a constant number of
staff on a project – who as far as possible are fully
employed
Hence need for resource smoothing
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Resource smoothing
5
STAFF REQD.
WEEK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Resource clashes
Where same resource needed in more than one place
at the same time
Can be resolved by:
delaying one of the activities
• taking advantage of float to change start date
• delaying start of one activity until finish of the
other activity that resource is being used on –
• puts back project completion
moving resource from a non-critical activity
bringing in additional resource - increases costs
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Prioritizing activities
There are two main ways of doing this:
Total float priority – those with the smallest float have
the highest priority
Ordered list priority – this takes account of the
duration of the activity as well as the float – see next
overhead
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Burman’s priority list
Give priority to:
Shortest critical activities
Other critical activities
Shortest non-critical activities
Non-critical activities with least float
Non-critical activities
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Resource usage
need to maximise %usage of resources i.e. reduce
idle periods between tasks
need to balance costs against early completion date
need to allow for contingency
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Critical path
Scheduling resources can create new dependencies
between activities – recall critical chains
It is best not to add dependencies to the activity
network to reflect resource constraints
Makes network very messy
A resource constraint may disappear during the
project, but link remains on network
Amend dates on schedule to reflect resource
constraints
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Allocating individuals to activities
The initial ‘resource types’ for a task have to be
replaced by actual individuals.
Factors to be considered:
Availability
Criticality
Risk
Training
Team building – and motivation
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Publishing the resource schedule
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Cost schedules
Cost schedules can now be produced:
Costs include:
Staff costs
Overheads
Usage charges
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Cost profile
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Accumulative costs
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Balancing concerns
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