THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS
- is a branch of physical sciences that treats various
phenomena of energy and the related properties of
matter, especially of the laws of transformation of
heat into other forms of energy
- The science that deals with the conversion of energy
from one form to another, the direction of the flow
of heat, and the availability of energy to do work
THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamic System and Surrounding
Thermodynamic System or simply system refers to
the quantity of matter or certain volume in space
chosen for study
Surrounding – the mass or region outside the system
Boundary – the real or imaginary surface that
separates the system from its surrounding. Can
either be fixed or movable
THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS
Kinds of Thermodynamic System
1. Closed System – (also known as control mass) is a
system in which there is no transfer of matter across
the boundary
2. Open System – (also known as control volume) is a
system in which there is a flow of matter through the
boundary. Example: compressor, turbine or nozzle
THERMODYNAMICS
Close Open
THERMODYNAMICS
Classification of Thermodynamic Properties
a. Intensive Properties – are properties which are
size independent such as temperature, pressure and
density
b. Extensive Properties – are properties which
depend on the size or extent of the system. Mass,
volume and total energy
SYSTEM OF UNITS
Quantity Measured SI Unit English Unit
LENGTH m Ft
MASS kg m lb m
TIME sec Sec
TEMPERATURE C,K F,R
AREA sq m sq ft
VOLUME cu m cu ft
VELOCITY m/s ft/s
ACCELERATION m / sec2 ft/sec2
FORCE N , kgf lb f
ENERGY Nm = J Btu
PRESSURE N/m2 = Pa Psi
POWER J/s = W HP , Btu/sec
BASIC CONVERSION
MEASURES OF LENGTH
1 meter (m) 100 centimeter (cm) 1000 millimetre (mm)
1 kilometer (km) 1000 meter (m)
MEASURE OF WEIGHT
1 gram (g) 1000 miligrams (mg)
1 kilogram (kg) 1000 gram (g)
LIQUID MEASURES
1 liter (L) 1000 mililiter (mL)
1 cu. m (m3) 1000 liters (L)
THERMODYNAMICS
TEMPERATURE
Temperature is an indication or degree of
hotness and coldness
- Celsius or Centigrade
- Fahrenheit
- Kelvin
- Rankine
THERMODYNAMICS
On the C scale the boiling point of water at
standard atmospheric pressure is 100C and freezing
point is 0C
On the F scale the boiling point of water at
standard atmospheric pressure is 212F and freezing
point is 32F
THERMODYNAMICS
Absolute Temperature – is the temperature
measured from absolute zero
Relation between temperature scales
C= 5/9 (F-32) K=C+273 SI
F= 9/5 (C+32) R=F+460 ENG
ZEROTH LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
LAW OF THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
“if two closed system with different
temperature are brought together in thermal
contact with a third system, the heat will flow
from the system with high temperature to the
system with low temperature until each reach
thermal equilibrium”
THERMODYNAMICS
PRESSURE
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
- is the true pressure measured above a perfect vacuum
GAGE PRESSURE
- is the pressure measured from the level of
atmospheric pressure recording instrument
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
- is the pressure caused by the weight of the
atmosphere
THERMODYNAMICS
Absolute Pressure = Gage Pressure + Atmospheric
Pressure
Absolute Pressure =Atmospheric Pressure – Vacuum
Pressure
THERMODYNAMICS
Using a open-ended manometer
THERMODYNAMICS
Where: Patm = atmospheric pressure
= 101.325 kPa
= 14.7 psi
= 1. 032 kg/cm2
= 29.92 in Hg
= 760 mm Hg
= 760 torr
= 1.013 bar
= 1.013 x 10^6 dyne/cm2
negative (-) when the pressure is vacuum
the pressure in perfect vacuum is -101.325 kPa
THERMODYNAMICS
Density
– is the mass per unit volume
= m/v m= mass (kg, g, lb)
v= volume (m3, cm3, ft3 )
density = (kg/m3 , g/cm3, lb/ft3 )
THERMODYNAMICS
WEIGHT DENSITY
– is the weight per unit volume
= W/vW= weight kN , g, lbf
v= volume (m3, cm3, ft3 )
= g g = 9.81 m/s2
THERMODYNAMICS
Specific Volume
- is the volume per unit mass
=V/m = 1/density m3/kg, ft3/lb
THERMODYNAMICS
Specific Gravity
also known as relative density. It is the ratio of the
density of a certain gas to the density air at the
same term
SG=density of fluid / density of water
Sample problem
1. The specific weight of an object is 3.5 kN/m 3.
Determine the ff:
a. Density
b. Mass if the dimension of the object are
6cm x 15cm x 8cm
c. Specific Volume
d. Specific Gravity
FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED NOR
DESTROYED BUT CAN ONLY BE
TRANSFORMED OR CHANGE FROM ONE
FORM TO ANOTHER
ENERGY IN = ENERGY OUT
THERMODYNAMICS
ENERGY
Without energy, there can be no work of heat
flow that can happen.
WORK AND HEAT
Means to transfer or transform energies from
one form to another.
FORMS OF ENERGY
1. POTENTIAL ENERGY (PE)
2. KINETIC ENERGY (KE)
3. INTERNAL ENERGY (U)
4. FLOW WORK / FLOW ENERGY (Wf)
FORMS OF ENERGY
POTENTIAL ENERGY (PE)
- according to Sir Isaac Newton there is a
gravitational attractive force between all bodies and
that magnitude of this force depend on the mass of
each body and the distance between them
PE = Fg
PE = mgh
( kg.m2/s2 = Nm = J )
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Sample Problem
What is the PE of a mass of 10 kg suspended 2m above the
floor of the laboratory?
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Sample Problem
A fresh water lake with an area of 2400m2 and an average
depth of 5m is located in a mountainous region, which is
350m above the valley floor. What is the PE stored in this
lake of water?
FORMS OF ENERGY
KINETIC ENERGY (KE)
- energy is required to accelerate a body from rest
at any given velocity. This energy is the kinetic
energy and it is stored in the moving body.
KE = ½ mv2
KE = ½ m(v22-v12)
V2= final velocity
V1= initial velocity
KINETIC ENERGY
Sample Problem
A motor vehicle weighing 19,620 N travelling at 72 km/hr
what is the kinetic energy of the vehicle?
FORMS OF ENERGY
INTERNAL ENERGY
- the energy that a fluid possesses because of the
microscopy movement of the individual molecules
are in motion
- as the temperature increases the internal energy
also increases
U = U2 - U1
H = U + PV
FORMS OF ENERGY
FLOW WORK / FLOW ENERGY
- is the work done in pushing a fluid across a
boundary, usually into or out of the system
Wf = FL = PAL
Wf = PV
TOTAL Wf = Wf2 – Wf1
= P2V2 – P1V1
FORMS OF ENERGY
WORK
- the product of force and distance moved by that force
W=FxS
where: F = force (N or lb)
S = distance (m or ft)
SHAFT WORK
- work in a shaft being turned
W = T x angular distance
T=Fxr
where: F = force (N or lb)
r = radius (m or in)
angular distance = (radian)
CONSERVATION OF MASS AND
ENERGY
POWER
- measure the rate of doing work or converting energy
work per unit time
P = W/t = FS/t = FV
P = (T x angular distance) / time
= T x angular velocity
angular velocity = rad / sec
CONSERVATION OF MASS AND
ENERGY
HEAT
- energy possessed by the system due to internal gradient
(temperature difference) between the body and its
surrounding
Q = mC (tf – ti)
where: Q = quantity of heat transferred (kJ)
m = mass of substance (kg)
c = specific heat capacity of substance (kj/kg.k)
tf = final temp (hottest temp)
ti = initial temp (coldest temp)
CONSERVATION OF MASS AND
ENERGY
HEAT
Q = mC (tf – ti)
HEAT flow will continue as long as there is
temperature difference
HOT BODY to COLD BODY
HIGH TEMPERATURE to LOW
TEMPERATURE
CONSERVATION OF MASS AND
ENERGY
ENTHALPHY
- composite property applicable to all fluids
H = U + PV
H = mCp( t2-t1)
where: Cp=specific heat capacity at const. pressure
Cp air = 1.005 kJ/kg.K or 0.24 BTU/lb.R
Cp water = 4.187 kJ/kg.K or 1.0 BTU/lb.R
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
“Mass entering the system is equal to the sum of the
stored mass and the mass that leaves the systems”
m1 = m2 + mtotal
mtotal = m1-m2
Conservation of mass – balancing the energy mass
content of given system
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. In an industrial chemical process, salt solution enters a mixing
tank at the rate of 5kg/s. Industrial water enters the same tank at
the rate of 20 kg/s. They are thoroughly mixed together and the
diluted solution leaves the tank. If the liquid in tank is to remain
constant, determine the rate flow of the diluted solution from the
tank.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. A piston cylinder assembly contains 0.25 kg of air with an
U=30kJ/kg. It is compressed to a higher pressure and the final
U=70kJ/kg. During compression there is a heat loss of 2000J.
Determine the work input needed for compression.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. The output shaft of an engine delivers a torque of 66 Nm. If the
shaft rotates 240 times in 4.2 second, calculate the power output
of the engine.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. An elevator and its content have a mass of 1200 kg.
What is the electrical power to the lifting motor if the
elevator is raised through a height of 36 m in 32
seconds? Assume that only 86% of the electrical power
input to the motor is available to lift the elevator.
NEXT MEETING TOPIC
- MORE SAMPLE PROBLEMS FOR:
1. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
2. SYSTEMS OF UNITS
3. FORMS OF ENERGY
- INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMIC
SYSTEM
PROBLEM SET 2
