STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS 1
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I. NATURE OF STATISTICS
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Population vs. Sample
Population Sample
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o p q rs t u v w o r u
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Measures used to describe a Measures computed from
population are called sample data are called
parameters statistics
DIVISION OF STATISTICS
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Descriptive Statistics
Collect data
e.g., Survey
Present data
e.g., Tables and graphs
Characterize data
e.g., Sample mean = X i
n
Inferential Statistics
Estimation
e.g., Estimate the population
mean weight using the sample
mean weight
Hypothesis testing
e.g., Test the claim that the
population mean weight is 120
pounds
Drawing conclusions about a population based on
sample results.
Collecting Data
Primary Sources Secondary Sources
Data Collection Data Compilation
Print or Electronic
Observation Survey
Experimentation
Types of Data
Data
Categorical Numerical
(Qualitative Variable) (Quantitative Variable)
Examples:
Marital Status Discrete Continuous
Political Party
Eye Color
(Defined categories) Examples: Examples:
Number of Children Weight
Defects per hour Voltage
(Counted items) (Measured characteristics)
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
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• Random Sampling – a process whose members
had an equal chance of being selected from the
population. Also called probability sampling.
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• 1. Simple random sampling – a process of
selecting n sample size in the population via
random numbers or through lottery.
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• 2. Systematic Sampling – a process of
selecting a kth element in the population until the
desired number of subjects or respondents is
attained.
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• 3. Stratified Sampling – Subdividing the
population into subgroups or strata or drawing
members at random from each subgroup or
stratum.
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• 4. Cluster Sampling – Selecting clusters from
a population which is very large or widely spread
out over a wide geographical area.
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• B. Non-random sampling – sampling procedure
where samples selected in a deliberate manner
with little or no attention to randomization. Also
called non-probability sampling.
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• 1. Convenience sampling – Process of selecting a
group on individuals who (conveniently) are
available for study.
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• 2. Purposive Sampling – Process of selecting
based from judgment to select a sample which a
researcher believed, based on prior information,
will provide the data they need
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3. Quota Sampling – Applied when an
investigator survey collects information from an
assigned number, or quota of individuals from one
of several sample units fulfilling certain prescribed
criteria or belonging to one stratum.
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• 4. Snowball sampling – is a technique in
which one or more members of a population are
located and used to lead the researchers to other
member of the population.
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5. Voluntary Sampling – is a technique when
sample are composed of respondents who are self-
select into the study/survey. Most of the time,
samples have a strong interest in the topic of
study.
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• 6. Judgement sampling – is a technique when
the researcher relies on his/her personal/sound
judgement in choosing to participate in the study
or the sample selected is based on the opinion of
an expert.
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Methods of Collecting Data
Direct or Interview Method
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Indirect or Questionnaire Method
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Experimental Method
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Observation Method
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Methods of Presenting Data
Textual Method
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Methods of Presenting Data
Tabular Method
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Graphical Method
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II. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
AND GRAPHS
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What is a Frequency Distribution?
A grouping of the data into categories showing the
number of observations in each of the
non-overlapping classes.
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• Raw Data
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• Range – The difference between the highest value
and lowest value in a distribution
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• Frequency Distribution – The organization of
data in a tabular form, using mutually exclusive
classes showing the number of observations in
each
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Class Limits (or Apparent Limits) – The highest
and lowest values describing in class
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• Class Boundaries (or Real Limits) – The upper
and lower values of a class for group frequency
distribution whose values has additional decimal
place more than the class limits and end with the
digit 5.
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• Interval (or width) – The distance between the
class lower boundary and the class upper
boundary and it is denoted by the symbol i.
Interval (or width) – The distance between the
class lower boundary and the class upper
boundary and it is denoted by the symbol i.
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• Cumulative Frequency (cf) – The sum of the
frequencies accumulated up to the upper boundary
of a class in a frequency distribution
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• Relative Frequency (rf) – The value obtained
when the frequencies in each class of the
frequency distribution is divided by the total
number of values
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