PROCESS OF

EDUCATIONAL
PLANNING
A. SYSTEM
ANALYSIS/APPROACH
 SYSTEM CONCEPT

What is a system?

A system is an organized collection of parts (or

subsystems) that are highly integrated to accomplish
an overall goal. The system has various inputs, which
go through certain processes to produce certain
outputs, which together, accomplish the overall
desired goal for the system.
• A system is usually made up of many smaller
systems, or subsystems
• If one part of the system is changed, the nature
of the overall system is changed, as well.
• Systems range from simple to complex
Types of Systems

• Biological systems (for example, the heart)

• Mechanical systems (for example, a thermostat)
• Human/mechanical systems (for example, riding a bicycle)
• Ecological systems (for example, predator/prey)
• Social systems (for example, groups, supply and demand and
also friendship).
• Complex systems, such as social systems, are
comprised of numerous subsystems, as well. These
subsystems are arranged in hierarchies, and
integrated to accomplish the overall goal of the
overall system
• Each subsystem has its own boundaries of sorts,
and includes various inputs, processes, outputs
and outcomes geared to accomplish an overall goal
for the subsystem
 A high-functioning system continually exchanges
feedback among its various parts to ensure that they
remain closely aligned and focused on achieving the
goal of the system. If any of the parts or activities in the
system seems weakened or misaligned, the system
makes necessary adjustments to more effectively
achieve its goals. Consequently, a system is
systematic.
1. Inputs

Inputs are items that are used by the various

processes in the system to achieve the overall goal
of the system. General types of inputs include, for
example, people, money, equipment, facilities,
supplies, people's ideas and people's time.
2. Processes (Methods to Produce
Results)

• Processes, or activities, are series of activities

conducted by the organization, product or
service that manipulate the various inputs to
achieve the overall desired goal of the
organization, product or service.
• Some people refer to the processes as the
“activities,” “methods” or “throughputs.”
3. Outputs (Tangible Results)

• Outputs are the tangible results produced by the

organization, product or service. Outputs are
often described by using numbers, for example,
the number of students who finished a certain
program.
• Outputs are often mistaken to indicate the success of
an organization or one of its products or services. For
example, leaders might mistakenly assume that
because a program served a large number of
customers, the program must have been quite
successful. That is not a valid assumption. The
success of a program or services is determined, not by
the range and number of customers trained (that is,
not by the outputs), but by how the well the customers
benefited from that training (that is, from the outcomes
of their participation).
Goals and Outcomes (Desired Results)

• Goals are the ultimate results that the system

wants to accomplish. All systems are goal-
directed.
• Organizations and its subsystems must have
clear goals, as well. That is why it is so
important for leaders to establish goals and
thoroughly communicate them throughout the
organization.
 SYSTEM ANALYSIS
The terms analysis and synthesis stem from Greek,
meaning "to take apart" and "to put together“,
respectively. These terms are used in many scientific
disciplines, from mathematics and logic to economics and
psychology, to denote similar investigative procedures.
Analysis is defined as "the procedure by which we break
down an intellectual or substantial whole into parts," while
synthesis means "the procedure by which we combine
separate elements or components in order to form a
coherent whole.
System analysis is used in every field
where something is developed.
It is the process of studying a procedure or business in
order to identify its goals and purposes and create systems
and procedures that will achieve them in an efficient way.
Another view sees system analysis as a problem-solving
technique that breaks down a system into its component
pieces for the purpose of the studying how well those
component parts work and interact to accomplish their
purpose.
 SYSTEM ANALYSIS AS
APPLIED TO EDUCATION
There is much active interest today in applications of systems
analysis to education.
The systems approach to education originated during World
War II in research projects on the control of man-machine
systems, using interdisciplinary teams and scientific methods
to produce answers that best served the objectives of an
organization as a whole. During war-time it was sometimes
termed operations research, Ackoff (1964).
APPROACHES TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Systems Theory
The utilization of Systems Analysis in understanding an organization
or an institution is anchored on the Systems theory.
This theory holds that an organization is a system. 't is a way of
viewing organization as whole unit taking into consideration the
interrelationships among its parts and its relationship with the external
environment. 'n other words, in order to understand an organization,
we must adopt a holistic view of it before we analyze its individual
parts. 't is a way of organizing and relating dependent parts of the
whole system for some purposes.
 The figure depicts the basic system theory of organizations which has five
parts namely; inputs, a transformation process, outputs, feedback and the
environment
• As the figure shows, the organizations is situated in an
environment. We start by identifying the inputs and have
them subjected to some processes to produce the desired
output. However, as we go along, we have to gather some
information through a feedback mechanism to inform us on
how we are getting along. We should have a sort of
monitoring system that can provide signals if what we are
doing should be continued or not. As shown, the feedback
loop goes back both to the process and the inputs.
An analysis of the elements of a system is the
essence of systems analysis. Systems analysis is a
determination of what needs to be done in order to
attain a stated goal effectively.
After having understood the Systems Theory we can
now utilize the Systems Approach in studying a school
as a system in itself. Systems approach is a strategy
which utilizes analysis, design, and management to
attain stated goals effectively and efficiently.
• Inputs. The national and local governments enact laws that
regulate the school. In addition, other groups may make
demands on the school. Students, for example, want
relevant curriculum that will prepare them for employment.
Teachers might want higher salary, better working
conditions, and fringe benefits. Similarly, the community
expects the school to provide quality education. In this
situation where each group has its demands, it is the job of
the school administrator to integrate these diverse goals into
a viable plan of action.
• Process. This includes the internal operation of the
organization or school and its system of operational
management. The administrator has to utilize his technical
competence in communication, decision making, curriculum
development, motivation, developing organizational culture
and his leadership styles in transforming the inputs into
outputs.
• Outputs. These include student achievement, growth,
dropout, attitude toward school, teacher performance,
employee job satisfaction, employee-management relations
and school-community relations, among others.
• Finally, the external environment or the suprasystem
reacts to these outputs and provides feedback to the school
system. If the feedback is positive, then the school’s
stability can be maintained. If negative, it can be used to
correct deficiencies in administrator’s operational plan of
action which in turn will have an effect on the school’s
output.
 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS : ITS
APPLICATION & VALUE

As an analytical concept, if applied to education, it will include

the following parts:
1. Identification of needs.
2. Formulation of the design or program.
3. Evaluation & documentation.
 EXPECTED ADVANTAGES RESULTS OF
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IF APPLIED TO
EDUCATION

1.Educators will see the needs of the teachers

education program as it relates to the educational
system as a whole. It will thus facilitate the institution
of reforms when needed.
2. It will enable educators to identify & scrutinize all
the components of the entire educational process as
they relate to teacher education on the one hand & to
the whole system on the other.
3. It will provide better evaluation of results in more
specific & relevant terms.
4. It will lend itself to the use of modern technological
advances, as well as adapt itself to make use of the
advances of technology.
There is no substitute for man’s sound judgement. The
decision maker is on his own when decision are made; but
before he reaches this stage of decision making, the use of
system analysis can provide as guidelines & evaluations
allow him to make sound decisions.
So it may be said the systems analysis is truly an extension
of men’s ability to reason.
The major value of systems analysis as a planning tool is to
organize human thinking within the framework of reason.
Hence we can say that its major virtue, which is the
enhancement of judgement, may yet provide the answers to
the improvement of education in the Philippines.