FLUID KINEMATICS
TOPICS TO COVER
Volume, Weight and Mass flow rate
Continuity equation
Numerical Problems
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SYSTEM
System: A quantity of matter in space which is analyzed during a problem.
Surroundings: Everything external to the system.
System Boundary: A separation present between system and surrounding.
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SYSTEM
Classification of the system boundary:-
1. Real solid boundary
2. Imaginary boundary
The system boundary may be further classified as:-
1. Fixed boundary or Control Mass System
2. Moving boundary or Control Volume System
The choice of boundary depends on the problem being analyzed.
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CONTROL MASS SYSTEM
Its a system of fixed mass with fixed identity.
This type of system is usually referred to as
"closed system".
There is no mass transfer across the system
boundary.
Energy transfer may take place into or out of
the system.
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CONTROL VOLUME SYSTEM
Its a system of fixed volume.
This type of system is usually referred to as "open
system” or a "control volume"
Mass transfer can take place across a control
volume.
Energy transfer may also occur into or out of the
system.
A control volume can be seen as a fixed region
across which mass and energy transfers are studied.
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CONTROL VOLUME SYSTEM
Control Surface- Its the boundary of a control volume across which the transfer of
both mass and energy takes place.
The mass of a control volume (open system) may or may not be fixed.
When the net inflow of mass across the control surface equals zero then the mass of
the system is fixed and vice-versa.
The identity of mass in a control volume always changes unlike the case for a control
mass system (closed system).
Most of the engineering devices, in general, represent an open system or control
volume
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ISOLATED SYSTEM
Its a system of fixed mass with same identity
and fixed energy.
No interaction of mass or energy takes place
between the system and the
surroundings.
In more informal words an isolated system is
like a closed shop amidst a busy market.
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FLOW RATE
Definition:
The quantity of fluid flowing per unit time across any section is called the “flow rate”.
3 types
Mass flow rate
Volume flow rate
Weight flow rate
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FLOW RATE
MASS FLOW RATE
mass flow rate is the mass of a substance which passes through a given surface per unit of time. Its unit is
kilogram per second in SI units
M=ρVA
VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE
Volumetric flow rate, is the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time. The SI unit
is m3/s (cubic meters per second)
Q=VA
WEIGHT FLOW RATE
Weight flow rate is the weight of liquid which passes through a given surface per unit time. The SI unit is
KN/s
G=ϒVA
where “V” is the mean or average velocity over entire sectional area “A”
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LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
The law states that mass can neither be created nor be destroyed. Conservation of mass is
inherent to a control mass system (closed system).
The mathematical expression for the above law is stated as:
∆m/∆t = 0, where m = mass of the system
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LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
The inflows, outflows and change in storage of mass in a system must be in balance.
The mass flow in and out of a control volume (through a physical or virtual boundary) can for an limited
increment of time be expressed as:
dM = ρi vi Ai dt - ρo vo Ao dt ….. [1]
where
dM = change of storage mass in the system (kg)
ρ = density (kg/m3)
v = speed (m/s)
A = area (m2)
dt = an increment of time (s)
If the outflow is higher then the inflow - the change of mass dM is negative -the mass of the system decreases
And obvious - the mass in a system increase if the inflow is higher than the outflow.
The Law of Mass Conservation is a fundament in fluid mechanics and a basis for the Equation of Continuity
and the Bernoulli Equation.
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LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
Example
Q. Water with density 1000 kg/m3 flows into a tank through a pipe of 50 mm inside
diameter. The velocity in the pipe is 2 m/s. The water flows out of the tank through a pipe
with inside diameter 30 mm with a velocity of 2.5 m/s.
Using equation (1) the change in the tank content after 20 minutes can calculated as:
dM = (1000 kg/m3) (2 m/s) (3.14 (0.05 m)2 / 4) ((20 min) (60 s/min))
- (1000 kg/m3) (2.5 m/s) (3.14 (0.03 m)2 / 4) ((20 min) (60 s/min))
Ans. = 2590.5 kg
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THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass can be neither created or destroyed.
Using the Mass Conservation Law on a steady flow process - flow where the flow rate do not
change over time - through a control volume where the stored mass in the control
volume do not change - implements that
inflow equals outflow
This statement is called the Equation of Continuity.
Common application where the Equation of Continuity are used are pipes, tubes and ducts
with flowing fluids or gases, rivers, overall processes as power plants, logistics in
general, roads, computer networks and semiconductor technology and more.
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THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
The Equation of Continuity and can be expressed as:
m = ρi1 vi1 Ai1 + ρi2 vi2 Ai2 +..+ ρin vin Aim
= ρo1 vo1 Ao1 + ρo2 vo2 Ao2 +..+ ρom vom Aom …… (1)
Where
m = mass flow rate (kg/s)
ρ = density (kg/m3)
v = speed (m/s)
A = area (m2)
With uniform density equation (1) can be modified to
q = vi1 Ai1 + vi2 Ai2 +..+ vin Aim
= vo1 Ao1 + vo2 Ao2 +..+ vom Aom ……. (2)
where
q = flow rate (m3/s)
ρi1 = ρi2 = . . = ρin = ρo1 = ρo2 = . .= ρom 15
THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
Example
Q. 10 m3/h of water flows through a pipe with 100 mm inside diameter. The pipe is reduced to an inside
dimension of 80 mm.
Using equation (2) the velocity in the 100 mm pipe can be calculated as
(10 m3/h)(1 / 3600 h/s) = v100 (3.14 (0.1 m)2 / 4)
or
v100 = (10 m3/h)(1 / 3600 h/s) / (3.14 (0.1 m)2 / 4)
= 0.35 m/s
Using equation (2) the velocity in the 80 mm pipe can be calculated
(10 m3/h)(1 / 3600 h/s) = v80 (3.14 (0.08 m)2 / 4)
or
v80 = (10 m3/h)(1 / 3600 h/s) / (3.14 (0.08 m)2 / 4)
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Ans. = 0.55 m/s
