Structured Programming Language
CSE 1111
Prof. Dr. A.K.M. Muzahidul Islam
Computer Science & Engineering (CSE)
United International University (UIU)
Fall 2021
Assessment
– Attendance : 5%
– Assignments : 5%
– Class Tests : 20%
– Mid Term : 30%
– Final : 40%
Grading Policy
A (Plain) : 90-100 C+ (Plus) : 70-73
A- (Minus) : 86-89 C (Plain) : 66-69
B+ (Plus) : 82-85 C- (Minus) : 62-65
B (Plain) : 78-81 D+ (Plus) : 58-61
B- (Minus) : 74-77 D (Plain) : 55-57
Course Outline: Summary
1. Topic 1: Review
• Algorithm, Flow-chart, Pseudocode, Variable, Logic
2. Topic 2: Decision (If/Else-if/Else)
3. Topic 3: Decision (Switch)
4. Topic 4: Loop (For/While/Do-while)
5. Topic 5: Array (1D and 2D)
6. Topic 6: String
7. Topic 7: Nested Loop
8. Topic 8: Function
9. Topic 9: Recursion
10. Topic 10: Structure
11. Topic 11: Pointer
12. Topic 12: File
The Parts of a C Program
//A simple C program comment
#include <stdio.h> preprocessor
command
int main() beginning of function named main
{ beginning of block for main
printf ("Hello, world\n”); output statement
return 0; string literal
send 0 to operating system and terminates the main
} end of block for main function
• Preprocessor-
– It setups the source code for the compiler. It reads your program before it is
compiled.
– It tells a C compiler to Include stdio.h file before going to actual compilation.
What is a Program Made of?
• Common elements in programming
languages:
– Key Words
– Programmer-Defined Identifiers
– Operators
– Punctuation
– Syntax
Program 1-1
//A simple C program
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
// Variable Definition
int a, b;
int c;
float f;
// Actual Initialization
a = 10;
b = 20;
c = a + b;
printf (”value of c: %d \n”, c); f =
70.0 / 3.0;
printf (”value of f: %f \n”, f);
return 0;
}
Key Words
• Also known as reserved words
• Have a special meaning in C
• Can not be used for any other purpose
• Key words in the Program 1-1: int, float
and return
Key Words
//A simple C program
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
// Variable Definition
int a, b;
int c;
float f;
// Actual Initialization
a = 10;
b = 20;
c = a + b;
printf (”value of c: %d \n”, c);
f = 70.0 / 3.0;
printf (”value of f: %f \n”, f);
return 0;
}
C Key Words
Programmer-Defined
Identifiers
• Names made up by the programmer
• Not part of the C language
• Used to represent various things:
variables (memory locations), functions,
etc.
• In Program 1-1: a, b, c, and f.
Identifiers
//A simple C program
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
// Variable Definition
int a, b;
int c;
float f;
// Actual Initialization
a = 10;
b = 20;
c = a + b;
printf (”value of c: %d \n”, c);
f = 70.0 / 3.0;
printf (”value of f: %f \n”, f);
return 0;
}
Operators
• Used to perform operations on data
• Many types of operators:
– Arithmetic - ex: +,-,*,/
– Assignment – ex: =
Operators
//A simple C program
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
// Variable Definition
int a, b;
int c;
float f;
// Actual Initialization
a = 10;
b = 20;
c = a + b;
printf (”value of c: %d \n”, c);
f = 70.0 / 3.0;
printf (”value of f: %f \n”, f);
return 0;
}
Punctuation
• Characters that mark the end of a
statement, or that separate items in a list
• In Program 1-1: , and ;
Punctuation
//A simple C program
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
// Variable Definition
int a, b;
int c;
float f;
// Actual Initialization
a = 10;
b = 20;
c = a + b;
printf (”value of c: %d \n”, c);
f = 70.0 / 3.0;
printf (”value of f: %f \n”, f);
return 0;
}
Syntax
• The rules of grammar that must be followed
when writing a program
• Controls the use of key words, operators,
programmer-defined symbols, and
punctuation
Variables
• A variable is a named storage location in
the computer’s memory for holding a piece
of data.
• In Program 1-1 we used three variables:
– The a, b, c and f variables were used to
hold the values
Variable Definitions
• To create a variable in a program you must
write a variable definition (also called a
variable declaration)
• Here is the statement from Program 1-1 that
defines the variables:
int a, b, c;
float f;
Variable Definitions
(Cont’d)
• There are many different types of data
• A variable holds a specific type of data.
• Variable definition specifies the type of
data a variable can hold, and the variable
name.
• char
• int
• float
• double
Variable Definitions
(Cont’d)
• Once again, line 7 from Program 1-1:
int a, b, c;
float f;
• The word float specifies that the
variables can hold floating point numbers.
Variable Definitions
(Cont’d)
• Following are the examples of some very
common data types used in C:
• char: The most basic data type in C. It stores a single
character and requires a single byte of memory in
almost all compilers.
• int: As the name suggests, an int variable is used to
store an integer.
• float: It is used to store decimal numbers (numbers
with floating point value) with single precision.
• double: It is used to store decimal numbers (numbers
with floating point value) with double precision.
• int a = 1;
• char b ='G';
• double c = 3.14;
Exercise 1
• There are Four sections in Fall 2021 who
have taken CSE 1111 course, where 35 in
Sec A, 40 in Sec B, 30 in Sec C and 45 in
Sec D. What is the total number of
students in Fall 2021 who have taken
taken CSI 1111 course?
Write a C code to display the total
number.
Exercise 2
• There are total 100 students in CSE.
However, only 35 of them took CSE 1111
course.
Write a C code to display how many
percentage is attending the course?
Special Characters
Character Name Meaning
// Double slash Beginning of a comment
# Pound sign Beginning of preprocessor
directive
< > Open/close brackets Enclose filename in #include
( ) Open/close Used when naming a
parentheses function
{ } Open/close brace Encloses a group of
statements
" " Open/close Encloses string of
quotation marks characters
; Semicolon End of a programming
statement
The \n Escape Sequence
• You can also use the \n escape sequence
to start a new line of output. This will
produce two lines of output:
printf( "Programming is\n”);
Notice that the \n is INSIDE
the string.
The #include Directive
• Inserts the contents of another file into the
program
• This is a preprocessor directive, not part of
C language
• #include lines not seen by compiler
• Do not place a semicolon at end of
#include line
Variables and Literals
• Variable: a storage location in memory
– Has a name and a type of data it can hold
– Must be defined before it can be used:
int area;
area = 100;
Variable Definition in Program 1-
2
//A simple C program to calculate the area
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
// Variable Definition & Initialization
int length = 10;
int width = 5;
int area;
Variable Definition
// Calculating area
area = length * width;
printf (”value of area: ”, area);
return 0;
}
Literals
• Literal: a value that is written into a
program’s code.
"value of area:" (string literal)
12 (integer literal)
Integer Literal in Program 1-3
//A simple C program to calculate the area
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
// Variable Definition & Initialization
int length;
int width;
int area;
20 is an integer literal
length = 20;
width = 10;
// Calculating area
area = length * width;
printf (”value of area: ”, area);
return 0;
}
String Literals
//A simple C program to calculate the area
#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.14159
int main()
{ This is string literals
// Variable Definition & Initialization
int length = 10;
int width = 5;
int area;
// Calculating area
area = length * width;
printf (”value of area: ”, area);
return 0;
}
Defining Constants
• There are two simple ways in C to define
constants
– Using #define preprocessor
• #define identifier value
– Using const keyword
• const type variable = value
Examples
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#define LENGTH 10
#define WIDTH 5 #int main() {
#define NEWLINE '\n' const int LENGTH = 10;
const int WIDTH = 5;
const char NEWLINE = '\n';
int main() {
int area;
int area;
area = LENGTH * WIDTH;
area = LENGTH * WIDTH;
printf("value of area : %d",
area); printf("value of area : %d", area);
printf("%c", NEWLINE); printf("%c", NEWLINE);
return 0; return 0;
} }
Identifiers
• An identifier is a programmer-defined
name for some part of a program:
variables, functions, etc.
Variable Names
• A variable name should represent the
purpose of the variable. For example:
int x;
• int itemsOrdered;
The purpose of this variable is to hold the
number of items ordered.
Identifier Rules
• The first character of an identifier must be
an alphabetic character or an underscore
( _ ),
• After the first character you may use
alphabetic characters, numbers, or
underscore characters.
• Upper- and lowercase characters are
distinct
Valid and Invalid Identifiers
IDENTIFIER VALID? REASON IF INVALID
totalSales Yes
total_Sales Yes
total.Sales No Cannot contain .
4thQtrSales No Cannot begin with digit
totalSale$ No Cannot contain $
Integer Data Types
• Integer variables can hold whole numbers such as 12,
7, and -99.
Defining Variables
• Variables of the same type can be defined
- On separate lines:
int length;
int width;
unsigned int area;
- On the same line:
int length, width;
unsigned int area;
• Variables of different types must be in
different definitions
– int length;
– unsigned int area;
Exercise 3
• Write a C program to calculate
the area of a circle (A = pi *
radius2).
• printf(“Radius = ?”);
• scanf ( “%f ”, &radius ) ;
44
The char Data Type
• Used to hold characters or very small
integer values
• Usually 1 byte of memory
• Numeric value of character from the
character set is stored in memory:
CODE: MEMORY:
char letter; letter
letter = 'C';
67
Character Literals
• Character literals must be enclosed in single
quote marks. Example:
'A'
• printf(control string, arg1, arg2, . . . , argn)
– where control string refers to a string that contains
formatting information, and arg1, arg2, . . . , argn are
arguments that represent the individual output data
items.
Character Literals in Program
//A simple C program to calculate the area
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
// Variable Definition & Initialization
char letter;
letter = ‘B’;
printf (”value of the letter is: %c”, letter);
letter = ‘C’;
printf (”value of the letter is: %c”, letter);
return 0;
}
double in Program
//A simple C program to calculate the area
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
// Variable Definition & Initialization
double val1, val2;
scanf (“Enter values: %lf ”, &val1, &val2 );
printf (”value is: %lf”, val1, val2);
return 0;
}
Exercise
• Write a program that asks the
users to perform the following
processes:
– Display : 1. Obtained grades in Math:
– Input : mathGrade;
– Display : 2. Obtained grade in Programing:
– Input : programmingGrade;
– Display : 1. Grade in Math is : B
– Display : 2. Grade in Progmramming is : A
Exercise
• Write a program that asks the
users to input two integer
values:
– Task 1. Perform addition
– Task 2. Perform subtraction
– Task 3. Perform multiplication
– Task 4. Perform division
Commonly Used Conversion
Characters for Data Output
Conversion Character Meaning
• c Data item is displayed as a single character
• d Data item is displayed as a signed decimal integer
• e Data item is displayed as a floating-point value with an exponent
• f Data item is displayed as a floating-point value without an exponent
• 0 Data item is displayed as an octal integer, without a leading zero
• S Data item is displayed as a string
• U Data item is displayed as an unsigned decimal integer
• X Data item is displayed as a hexadecimal integer, without the leading Ox
51
Floating-Point Data Types
• Can hold real numbers i.e., fractional values
• The floating-point data types are:
float
double
long double
• They can hold real numbers such as:
12.45 -3.8
• Stored in a form similar to scientific notation
• All floating-point numbers are signed
Floating-Point Data Types
Floating-Point Literals
• Can be represented in
– Fixed point (decimal) notation:
31.4159 0.0000625
– E notation:
3.14159E1 6.25e-5
• Are double by default
• Can be forced to be float (3.14159f) or
long double (0.0000625L)
Variable Assignments and
Initialization
• An assignment statement uses the =
operator to store a value in a variable.
item = 12;
• This statement assigns the value 12 to the
item variable.
Assignment and Initialization
The variable receiving the value must appear on the left side of the
= operator.
• This will NOT work:
// ERROR!
12 = item;
To initialize a variable means to assign it a value when it is defined:
int length = 12;
• Can initialize some or all variables:
int length = 12, width = 5, area;
Arithmetic Operators
• Used for performing numeric calculations
• C++ has unary, binary, and ternary operators:
– unary (1 operand)
• ex. int value = 12;
– binary (2 operands)
• ex. value = val1 + val2
• Ex. if (a == b)
– ternary (3 operands) exp1 ? exp2 : exp3
Ex. a < b : true
Binary Arithmetic Operators
SYMBOL OPERATION EXAMPLE VALUE OF
ans
+ addition ans = 7 + 3; 10
- subtraction ans = 7 - 3; 4
* multiplication ans = 7 * 3; 21
/ division ans = 7 / 3; 2
% modulus ans = 7 % 3; 1
Comments
• Used to document parts of the program
• Intended for persons reading the source
code of the program:
– Indicate the purpose of the program
– Describe the use of variables
– Explain complex sections of code
• Are ignored by the compiler
Single-Line/Multiple Lines Comments
Begin with // through to the end of line:
int length = 12; // length in inches
int width = 15; // width in inches
int area; // calculated area
// calculate rectangle area
area = length * width;
Begin with /*, end with */
/* this is a multi-line
comment
*/
• Can begin and end on the same line:
int area; /* calculated area */
Named Constants
• Named constant (constant variable):
variable whose content cannot be changed
during program execution
• Used for representing constant values with
descriptive names:
const double TAX_RATE = 0.0675;
const int NUM_STATES = 50;
• Often named in uppercase letters
Programming Style
• The visual organization of the source code
• Includes the use of spaces, tabs, and blank
lines
• Does not affect the syntax of the program
• Affects the readability of the source code
Summary
• Common elements in programming languages:
– Key Words
– Programmer-Defined Identifiers
– Operators
– Punctuation
– Syntax
