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Maths - REAL NUMBERS PDF

This presentation summarizes key concepts from a mathematics chapter on real numbers. It includes 3 topics: (1) the fundamental theorem of arithmetic and Euclid's division lemma, (2) using Euclid's algorithm to find the highest common factor of two numbers, and (3) revisiting rational and irrational numbers, including proofs that certain numbers are irrational. The presentation was given by Regin Sam George for their Class X mathematics class.

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Regin Sam George
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216 views25 pages

Maths - REAL NUMBERS PDF

This presentation summarizes key concepts from a mathematics chapter on real numbers. It includes 3 topics: (1) the fundamental theorem of arithmetic and Euclid's division lemma, (2) using Euclid's algorithm to find the highest common factor of two numbers, and (3) revisiting rational and irrational numbers, including proofs that certain numbers are irrational. The presentation was given by Regin Sam George for their Class X mathematics class.

Uploaded by

Regin Sam George
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER POINT

P R E S E N TAT IO N
FOR
CLASS X
M AT H E M AT I C S

Name - Regin Sam George


Roll No.- 5479
Class/Sec – X-D
CHAPTER 1

REA L
N U M BERS
TOPICS
The fundamental theorem
of Arithmetic.
 Euclid's Division Lemma.
Factors, multiples, prime numbers,
even numbers, odd numbers.
 Revisiting irrational numbers.
 Revisitingrational numbers andtheir
decimal representation .
Real Number

Real numbers are the numbers which include both


rational and irrational numbers. Rational numbers
such as integers (-2, 0, 1), fractions(1/2, 2.5) and
irrational numbers such as √3, π(22/7), etc., are all
real numbers.
 Zero is considered as both a real and an imaginary
number. As we know, imaginary numbers are the
square root of non-positive real numbers. And since 0
is also a non-positive number, therefore it fulfils the
criteria of the imaginary number. Whereas 0 is also a
rational number, which is defined in a number line
and hence a real number.

 In mathematics, a quantity that can be expressed as an


infinite decimal expansion. Real numbers are used in
measurements of continuously varying quantities
such as size and time, in
contrast to the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, …, arising from
counting.
H I G H E S T C O M M O N FAC TO R ( H C F )

HCF of (two positive


integers a and b)is the
largest positive integer that
divides both a and b
Euclid’s division
algorithm is a technique to
find the HCF of two given
positive integers
Euclid’s division

algorithm is based on
Euclid’s Division Lemma .
A lemma is a proven
statement used for
proving another
statement.
An algorithm is a series
of well defined steps which
gives a procedure for
solving a type of problem.
EEUUCCLLI IDD’ S’ SDDI IVVI ISSI IOONNLLEEMMMMAA

Given positive integers a and


b, there exist unique integers
q and r satisfying
a = bq + r , 0≤ r< b
An example to see how the algorithm works.
Find the HCF of the numbers 404 and 96.
Start with the larger integer, that is 404 Use
Euclid’s lemma to get
404=96 X 4 +20
Now apply the division lemma to divisor 96
and remainder 20.
96 =20 x4+16
Now consider divisor 20 and remainder 16
20 =16 x 1+4
Now consider divisor 16 and remainder 4
16= 4 x4 +0
Notice that remainder
becomes 0, and we cannot
proceed further. We claim
that the HCF of 404 and 96
is the divisor at this stage
i.e 4.
This Lemma has several
applications related to
finding properties of
numbers.
For example, show that any
positive odd integer is of the
form 6q+1,or 6q+3 or
6q+5,where qis any integer.
Let a be any positive integer
and b=6 .Then by Euclid’s
algorithm, a = 6q+r for some
integer
q≥0,r=0,1,2,3,4or5,because
0≤r<6.
So
a=6q,6q+1,6q+2,6q+3,6q+4
or 6q+5.
If a is of the form 6q( = 2 X 3q),then a
is an even integer. Also a positive
integer can be either even or odd.
Therefore any positive odd integer is
of the form 6q+1,6q+3 or 6q +5
( Please remember that sum of any
positive even integer and a positive
odd integer is always odd.).
TTHHEE FFUUNNDA
DAMMEENNTA TALL
TTHHEEOORREEMM OOFF AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC
Every composite
number can be
expressed
(factorised) as a
product of primes,
and this factorization
is unique.
The method of finding the HCF and
LCM of two positive numbers by
the prime factorization method.
Example: Find HCF and LCM of 108 and 150
108 =2² X 3³ and 150 =2 X 3 X 5²
HCF(108,150) =2 X3 = Product of SMALLEST
power of each common prime factor in the
numbers.
LCM(108,150)= 2² X 3³ X5² = Product of
GREATEST power of each common prime
factor in the numbers.
Notice that

HCF(108,150) X LCM(108,150)= 108 X150


For any two positive
integers a and b,

HCF (a,b) X LCM(a,b) = a X b

This result can be used to find


the LCM of two numbers.
R E V I S I T I N G I R R AT I O NA L N U M B E R S
In this section, we will prove that numbers of the
form √p are irrational where p is a prime.

Example: Prove √2 is irrational.


Proof: Assume √2 is rational. Then √2 =a/b ,where
a and b are co-prime and b≠ 0.
Squaring both sides, we get
2b² = a² , i.e. 2 divides a²,implies 2 divides a.
Let a=2c.Then , substituting for a, we get
2b²=4c² i.e.b² = 2c²
This means that 2 divides b²,and so divides
b.
 Therefore, a and b have at least 2 as a common
factor. This contradicts the fact a and b have
no common factors other than 1.
 So, we conclude that √2 is irrational. Similarly,
we can prove that √3 ,√5 etc are irrational.

Example: Show that 3 − √5 is irrational.


Proof: Assume 3 − √5 is rational. Then 3 − √5=a/b,
where and b are co-prime,b≠0.
Rearranging the equation, we get
√5=3 − (a/b) = (3b − a)/b
Since a and b are integers (3b − a)/b is
rational, and so , √5 is rational.
This contradicts the fact that √5 is irrational.
Therefore, our assumption is wrong.
RE V IS IT I NG R AT I O NA L N U M B E R S A N D T H E I I R
REV IS ITI N G R AT I O NA L N U M B E R S A N D T H E I I R
..
D E C I M A L R E P R E S E N TAT I O N
D E C I M A L R E P R E S E N TAT I O N
 Theorem 1: Let x be a rational number whose
decimal expansion terminates. Then ,x can be
expressed in the form p/q, where p and q are co-
prime ,and the prime-factorisation of q is in the
form 2n 5m where n and m are non-negative
integers.

Example : 0.107 = 107/1000= 107/(2³ x 5³ )

Example: 7.28 = 728/100 = 728 / 10²


TH
THEOREM
EOREM 22
Let x = p/q be a rational number such that prime
factorisation of q is of the form 2n 5m where n and
m are non-negative integers. Then x has a
decimal representation that terminates.

Example: 3/8 = 3/2³ = 0.375

Example: 13/250=13/ 2 x 5³ =
0.052
TH EOREM 3
 Letx=p/q ,where p and q are co-
primes be a rational number
such that prime factorisation
of q is not of the form 2n5 m
,where n and m are non-
negative integers. Then ,xhas a
decimal expansion which is
non- terminating repeating.
THANK YOU

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