Paper craft 

is a collection of crafts using paper or card as the primary artistic medium for the creation of two or
three-dimensional objects. Paper and card stock lend themselves to a wide range of techniques and can be folded,
curved, bent, cut, glued, molded, stitched, or layered. [1] Papermaking by hand is also a paper craft.
Paper crafts are known in most societies that use paper, with certain kinds of crafts being particularly associated with
specific countries or cultures. In Caribbean countries paper craft is unique to Caribbean culture which reflect the
importance of native animals in life of people. [2]
In addition to the aesthetic value of paper crafts, various forms of paper crafts are used in the  education of children.
Paper is a relatively inexpensive medium, readily available, and easier to work with than the more complicated media
typically used in the creation of three-dimensional artwork, such as ceramics, wood, and metals. [3] It is also neater to
work with than paints, dyes, and other coloring materials. Paper crafts may also be used in  therapeutic settings,
providing children with a safe and uncomplicated creative outlet to express feelings

paper
•Paper came to India with Muslim traders, in the eleventh century C.E. It only slowly and gradually
displaced the Coryphe palm leaf, the use of which had the sanction of age and religion among the
conservative Indian literates who looked with distrust upon this new product.
• There is no Sanskrit word for paper. The Chinese word is kog-dz, the paper made of the bark of the
paper-mulberry tree. When the Arabs, in the eighth century, learned paper-making from the Chinese, they
adopted the Chinese name for their own paper made of linen rags. The Persian word for paper, kaghaz,
became kagaj in Hindustani.
•By the fourteenth century, paper became popular in India. By the beginning of the seventeenth century
paper had displaced Coryphe leaves throughout northern India.

Hemp wrapping paper, China, c. 100 BC

 HOW IS PAPER MADE?
HISTORY OF PAPEREMAKING
•In the 8th century papermaking spread to the Islamic world, and machinery was designed for bulk manufacturing. Production began in Samarkand, Baghdad, 
Damascus, , Cairo, Morocco, and then Muslim Spain. Muslims invented a method to make a thicker sheet of paper. This innovation helped transform papermaking
from an art into a major industry. The earliest use of water-powered mills in paper production, specifically the use of pulp mills for preparing the pulp for
papermaking, dates back to Samarkand in the 8th century. The earliest references to paper mills also come from the medieval Islamic world, where they were first
noted in the 9th century by Arabic geographers in Damascus.
•Traditional papermaking in Asia uses the inner bark fibers of plants. This fiber is soaked, cooked, rinsed and traditionally hand-beaten to form the paper pulp. The
long fibers are layered to form strong, translucent sheets of paper. In the Himalayas, paper is made from the lokta plant.
• Today, this paper is used for calligraphy, printing, book arts, and three-dimensional work, including  origami.
•In other Southeast Asian countries, elephants are fed with large amount of starch food so that their feces can be used to make paper as well. This can be found in
elephant preservation camps in Myanmar where the paper are sold to fund the operations.
•In Europe, papermaking moulds using metallic wire were developed, and features like the watermark were well established by 1300 CE, while hemp and linen
 rags were the main source of pulp, cotton eventually taking over after Southern plantations made that product in large quantities. Papermaking was originally not
popular in Europe due to not having many advantages over papyrus and parchment. It wasn't until the 15th century with the invention of the movable type printing
and its demand for paper that many paper mills entered production, and papermaking became an industry.
•Modern papermaking began in the early 19th century in Europe with the development of the Fourdrinier machine. This machine produces a continuous roll of
paper rather than individual sheets. These machines are large. Some produce paper 150 meters in length and 10 meters wide. They can produce paper at a rate
of 100 km/h. In 1844, Canadian Charles Fenerty and German F.G. Keller had invented the machine and associated process to make use of wood pulp in
papermaking. This innovation ended the nearly 2,000-year use of pulped rags and start a new era for the production of  newsprint and eventually almost all paper
was made out of pulped wood.

The Diamond Sutra of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, the oldest dated printed book in the world, found at Dunhuang, from 868 CE
Manual papermaking Industrial papermaking
Papermaking, regardless of the scale on which it is done, involves making a A modern paper mill is divided into several sections, roughly corresponding to the
dilute suspension of fibers in water, called "furnish", and forcing this processes involved in making handmade paper. Pulp is refined and mixed in water with
suspension to drain through a screen, to produce a mat of interwoven fibers. other additives to make a pulp slurry.
Water is removed from this mat of fibers using a press.
The method of manual papermaking changed very little over time, despite The head-box of the paper machine (Fourdrinier machine) distributes the slurry onto a
advances in technologies. The process of manufacturing handmade paper can moving continuous screen, water drains from the slurry (by gravity or under vacuum),
be generalized into five steps: the wet paper sheet goes through presses and dries, and finally rolls into large rolls.
•Separating the useful fiber from the rest of raw materials. (e.g. cellulose from The outcome often weighs several tons.
wood, cotton, etc.)
•Beating down the fiber into pulp Another type of paper machine, invented by John Dickinson in 1809, makes use of a
•Adjusting the color, mechanical, chemical, biological, and other properties of cylinder mould that rotates while partially immersed in a vat of dilute pulp. The pulp is
the paper by adding special chemical premixes picked up by the wire mesh and covers the mould as it rises out of the vat. A couch
•Screening the resulting solution roller is pressed against the mould to smooth out the pulp, and picks the wet sheet off
•Pressing and drying to get the actual paper the mould.

A sheet of fibres which were just collected from the liquid suspension with the screen. The next steps are to press it and to dry it.
Paper toys
History
Paper toys date back to ancient times. The history of paper toys can be traced back to the art of origami (or-i-GA-me).The word is based on
the Japanese words Ori, which means to fold, and Kami, which means paper. However origami's roots are from China and it spread to 
Japan somewhere around the sixth century. The craft was for only the rich at first because the cost of paper was very high.

They found useful ways to use the folded paper. For example, they would fold it with strips of dried meat or fish and this was called Noshi,
which was a token of good luck. Also they would often wrap the glasses of wine at a wedding into butterfly form to represent the bride and
groom.

As time went by new methods of making paper were developed which lowered the cost of paper. This allowed the art of origami to be more Origami Crane
accessible to all people.

Paper dolls have been popular toys throughout the last couple of centuries. Unlike the origami and modern paper toys these are usually flat
2d dolls. Often various paper clothes and such things are used to decorate the doll. Much alike the modern paper toys they would often print
dolls that resemble popular celebrities, singers, and political figures. They also would print these dolls in magazines for children to cut out
and color, they would have a page for the figures and then a page of all the costumes and add-ons.

Modern paper toys

Modern paper toys are made using paper, tape or glue, scissors and a printer. Most modern
paper toys are digitally distributed patterns that are printed and cut to be folded into the desired
shape. There are many websites and blogs where these downloads are available. There are a
wide variety of blank templates that can be downloaded and customized as well. Most often the
template will be created in a program such as Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop or Pepakura
and then uploaded as a .pdf, JPG or other image file type.

Layout for a paper toy

The finished Frankenstein's monster
Paper craft
Toy-makers, especially those living in cities and industrial areas, make use of materials
like paper, cardboard, palm-leaf, clay, bamboo strips, pith, and papier-m‚chÈ along with
other recycled materials to create toys for children. Discarded items including
newspaper, string, rubber bands are recycled to create toys. The toymaker creates a
number of different playthings such as kites, puppets, string-manipulated toys, rattles,
drums, damrus and whistles, moving toys like windwheels, animal toys like the jumping
snake, mystery boxes, and jack-in-the-box kind of toys. Apart from toy-making, Indian
craftsmen also produce a wide variety of decorative and utilitarian items by using plain,
white and coloured papers.

Paper Cuts: The craftsmen of MathurañBrindavan area make intricate paper-cut designs
(locally known as Sanjhi) depicting various Krishnalila scenes. During festivals and
marriages the craftsmen make exquisitely beautiful paper-cut flowers and varied
colourful items that are used for decoration.

Stencil: A stencil is a piece of paper, plastic or metal which has a design cut out of it.
When the stencil is placed on a surface and paint applied over it, the paint goes through
the cut out portions and leaves a design on the surface when the stencil is removed.