POWER

ELECTRONICS
DC-DC
CONVERTERS
(CHOPPERS)
PART 1
SITI ZARINA BINTI MD NAZIRI
TMT 404 ADVANCED ENGINEERING 4
Schedule

Class/Week Topic Reading Assessment

Lecture 1 DC-DC Daniel W. Quiz

Converters Hart
(Choppers) (Chapter 6)
(Part 1)
Lecture 2 DC-DC Daniel W. Quiz
Converters Hart
(Choppers) (Chapter 7)
(Part 2)
Lecture 3 DC-AC Daniel W. -
Converters Hart
(Inverters) (Chapter 8)
(Part 1)
Lecture 4 DC-AC Daniel W. Presentation
Converters Hart (?)
(Inverters) (Chapter 8)
(Part 2)
 Content

 Content
 Introduction
 Bulk Converter

 Boost Converter

 Buck-Boost Converter

 Questions/Discussions
 (provided in separate sheet)

SOURCES: “Power Electronics”, Daniel W. Hart, Mc-Graw Hill,

“Power Electronics & Drives”, Lecture Notes, Dr. Zainal Salam,
UTM
DC-DC CONVERTER
(CHOPPERS)

 DEFINITION:
Converting the unregulated DC input
to a controlled DC output with a
desired voltage level.
 General block diagram:

 APPLICATIONS:
Switched-mode power supply
(SMPS), DC motor control, battery
chargers
Linear Regulator

 Transistor is
operated in linear
(active) mode.
 Output voltage:

 The transistor can

be conveniently
modeled by an
equivalent variable
resistor, as shown.
 Power loss is high
at high current due
to:
Switching Regulator

 Power loss is zero

(for ideal switch):
 when switch is
open, no current
flow in it,
 when switch is
closed no voltage
drop across it.
 Since power is a
product of voltage
and current, no
losses occurs in the
switch.
 Power is 100%
transferred from
source to load.
 Switching regulator
is the basis of all
DC-DC converters
Buck Converter

Circuit

Switch closed,
diode OFF

Switch open,
diode ON
Bulk Converter
 Waveforms

closed open
Inductor
voltage

Inductor
current

Capacitor
current
Bulk Converter

 Switch closed, diode off

di L
v L  Vs  Vo  L
dt
di L i L i L Vs  Vo
  
dt t DT L
 Vs  Vo 
 i L  closed   DT
 L 
Bulk Converter

 Switch open, diode on

di L
v L   Vo  L
dt
i L i L Vo
 
t  1  D  T L

 Vo 
 i L  open     1 D T
 L 
Bulk Converter

 Steady-state Operation
 Steady-state operation requires that iL
at the end of switching cycle is the
same at the beginning of next cycle.
 The change of iL over one period is
zero, i.e:

 i L  closed   i L  open  0

 Vs  Vo   Vo 
 L  DT   L   1  D  T  0
   

Vo  Vs D
 Bulk Converter

 Average, Max & Min Inductor Current

i L Vo 1  Vo   1  1  D 
I max  IL      1  D  T   Vo   
2 R 2 L   R 2Lf 

i L Vo 1  Vo   1  1  D 
I min  IL      1  D  T   Vo   
2 R 2 L  R 2Lf 

Vo  1  D 
L
i L f
Bulk Converter

iC  iL  iR
Bulk Converter

 Output Voltage Ripple

1  T   i L  Ti L
Q     
2  2  2  8

Q  CVo

Q  CVo

Q
Vo 
C

Vo  1  D 
Vo 
8LCf 2
Bulk Converter (Design)

 Calculate D to obtain required output

voltage.
 Select a particular switching frequency:
 preferably >20KHz for negligible acoustic
noise
 higher fs results in smaller L, but higher device
losses. Thus lowering efficiency and larger
heat sink. Also C is reduced.
 Possible devices: MOSFET, IGBT and BJT.
Low power MOSFET can reach MHz range.
Bulk Converter (Design)

 Determine Lmin. Increase Lmin by about

10 times to ensure full continuous
mode.
 Calculate C for ripple factor
requirement.
 Capacitor ratings:
 must withstand peak output voltage
 must carry required RMS current. Note
RMS current for triangular w/f is Ip/3,
where Ipis the peak capacitor current
given by ΔiL/2
 Wire size consideration:
 Normally rated in RMS. But iL is known
as peak. RMS value for iL is given as:
Bulk Converter

• Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR)

Vo,ESR  iC rC  i L rC
Boost (Step-up)
Converter

Circuit

Switch closed,
diode OFF

Switch open,
diode ON
Boost Converter
 Waveforms

Inductor voltage Diode current

Inductor current Capacitor current

Boost Converter

 Switch closed, diode OFF

di L i L i L
v L  Vs  L L L
dt t DT

Vs DT
 i L  closed 
L
Boost Converter

 Switch open, diode ON

di L i L i L
v L  Vs  Vo  L L L
dt t  1  D T

 Vs  Vo   1  D  T
 i L  open 
L
Boost Converter

 Steady-state Operation
 i L  closed   i L  open  0
Vs DT  Vs  Vo   1  D  T
 0
L L
Vs
Vo 
1 D

 Boost converter produces output voltage

that is greater or equal to the input voltage.
 Alternative explanation:
 when switch is closed, diode is reversed. Thus
output is isolated. The input supplies energy to
inductor.
 When switch is opened, the output stage
receives energy from the input as well as from
the inductor. Hence output is large.
 Output voltage is maintained constant by
virtue of large C.
Boost Converter

 Output Voltage Ripple

 Vo 
Q    DT  CVo
R 

Vo D

Vo RCf
Boost Converter

 Average, Max & Min Inductor

Current
Boost Converter

 For continuous operation,

Buck-Boost Converter

Circuit

Switch closed,
diode OFF

Switch open,
diode ON
Buck-Boost Converter
 Waveforms
Inductor
current

Inductor
voltage

Diode
current

Capacitor
current
Bulk-Boost Converter

 Switch closed, diode OFF

di L
v L  Vs  L
dt

di L i L i L Vs
  
dt t DT L

Vs DT
 i L  closed 
L
Bulk-Boost Converter

 Switch open, diode ON

di L
v L  Vo  L
dt

di L i L i L Vo
  
dt t  1  D  T L

Vo  1  D  T
 i L  open 
L
Bulk-Boost Converter

 Steady-State Operation

 i L  closed   i L  open  0

Vs DT Vo  1  D  T
 0
L L

 D 
Vo  Vs  
 1  D 
Bulk-Boost Converter

 Output Voltage
 Output of a buck-boost converter either
be higher or lower than the source
voltage.
 If D>0.5, output is higher
 If D<0.5, output is lower
 Output voltage is always negative
 Note that output is never directly
connected to load. Energy is stored in
inductor when switch is closed and
transferred to load when switch is
opened.
Bulk-Boost Converter

Inductor current

Inductor
voltage

Diode current

Capacitor current
Bulk-Boost Converter

 Average Inductor Current

 Assuming no power loss in the
converter, power absorbed by the load
must equal power supplied the by
source, i.e.

 But average source current is related to

average inductor current as:

 Substituting for Vo:

Bulk-Boost Converter

 Max & Min Inductor Current

 For continuous current,

Bulk-Boost Converter
 Output Voltage Ripple

 Vo 
Q    DT  CVo
R 

Vo DT Vo D
Vo  
RC RCf

Vo D

Vo RCf