Module 2

Velocity and accelerations in planar

mechanisms, Coriolis component of
acceleration.
Velocity

Velocity may be defined as the rate of change

of displacement of a body with respect to
time.

Acceleration

The rate of change of velocity with respect to

time is known as acceleration
Velocity in Mechanisms
(Relative Velocity Method)
Relative Velocity of Two Bodies Moving in Straight Lines

The relative velocity of A with respect to B,

The relative velocity of B with respect to A,

Motion of a Link
velocity of any point on a link with respect
to another point on the same link is always
perpendicular to the line joining these
points on the configuration (or space)
diagram

Consider two points A and B on a rigid link A B, Let one of the

extremities (B) of the link move relative to A, in a clockwise
direction.

Since the distance from A to B remains the same, therefore there

can be no relative motion between A and B, along the line A B.

It is thus obvious, that the relative motion of B with respect to A

must be perpendicular to A B.
Velocity of a Point on a Link by
Relative Velocity Method

Consider two points A and B on a link.

Let the absolute velocity of the point A i.e. vA is known in magnitude and direction

the absolute velocity of the point B i.e. vB is known in direction only.

Then the velocity of B may be determined by drawing the velocity diagram

1. Take some convenient point o, known as the pole.
2. Through o, draw oa parallel and equal to vA, to some suitable
scale.
3. Through a, draw a line perpendicular to A B This line will
represent the velocity of B with respect to A, i.e. vBA.
4. Through o, draw a line parallel to vB intersecting the line of vBA
at b.
5. Measure ob, which gives the required velocity of point B ( vB),
to the scale
In a four bar chain ABCD, AD is fixed and is 150
mm long. The crank AB is 40 mm long and rotates at
120 r.p.m. clockwise, while the link CD = 80 mm
oscillates about D. BC and AD are of equal length.
Find the angular velocity of link CD when angle
BAD = 60°.
In Fig. 7.9, the angular velocity of the crank OA is
600 r.p.m. Determine the linear velocity of the slider
D and the angular velocity of the link BD, when the
crank is inclined at an angle of 75° to the vertical.
The dimensions of various links are : OA = 28 mm ;
AB = 44 mm ; BC 49 mm ; and BD = 46 mm. The
centre distance between the centres of rotation O
and C is 65 mm. The path of travel of the slider is 11
mm below the fixed point C. The slider moves along
a horizontal path and OC is vertical
In a mechanism as shown in Fig. 7.15, the various dimensions are : OC =
125 mm ; CP = 500 mm ; PA = 125 mm ; AQ = 250 mm and QE = 125 mm

The slider P translates along an axis which is 25

mm vertically below point O. The crank OC
rotates uniformly at 120 r.p.m. in the anti-
clockwise direction. The bell crank lever AQE
rocks about fixed centre Q.
Draw the velocity diagram and calculate the
absolute velocity of point E of the lever
Velocity in Mechanisms
(Relative Velocity Method)

 A slider crank mechanism is shown in Figure. The slider A is attached to

the connecting rod AB. The radius of crank OB be r and it rotates in a
clockwise direction, about the point O with uniform angular velocity ω
rad/s.
 Therefore, the velocity of B i.e. vB is known in magnitude and direction.
 The slider reciprocates along the line of stroke AO.
 The velocity of the slider A (i.e. vA) may be determined by relative
velocity method
1. From any point o, draw vector ob parallel to the direction of vB (or
perpendicular to OB) such that ob = vB = ω.r, to some suitable scale.

2. Since AB is a rigid link, therefore the velocity of A relative to B is

perpendicular to AB. Now draw vector ba perpendicular to AB to represent
the velocity of A with respect to B i.e. vAB.

3. From point o, draw vector oa parallel to the path of motion of the slider A
(which is along AO only). The vectors ba and oa intersect at a. Now oa
represents the velocity of the slider A i.e. vA, to the scale.
The angular velocity of the connecting rod AB (ωAB) may be determined as
follow
Acceleration in Mechanisms
Acceleration of a particle whose velocity changes both in
magnitude and direction at any instant

1. The centripetal or radial component, which is perpendicular

to the velocity of the particle at the given instant.

2. The tangential component, which is parallel to the velocity of

the particle at the given instant
Problems
 The crank of a slider crank mechanism rotates clockwise at a
constant speed of 300 r.p.m. The crank is 150 mm and the
connecting rod is 600 mm long.
Determine : 1. linear velocity and acceleration of the
midpoint of the connecting rod, and 2. angular velocity and
angular acceleration of the connecting rod, at a crank angle
of 45° from inner dead centre position

Given : NBO = 300 r.p.m. or ωBO = 2 π × 300/60 = 31.42 rad/s; OB

= 150 mm = 0.15 m ; BA = 600 mm = 0.6 m
We know that linear velocity of B with respect to O or velocity of B,

vBO = vB = ωBO × OB = 31.42 × 0.15 = 4.713 m/s

Linear velocity of the midpoint of the connecting rod
In order to find the velocity of the midpoint D
vector ob = vBO = vB = 4.713 m/s bd / ba = BD/BA
By measurement, we find that velocity
vD = vector od = 4.1 m/s
of A with respect to B,
AB= vector ba= 3.4 m/ s
and Velocity of A = vector oa = 4 m/
s
Acceleration of the midpoint of the connecting rod
PQRS is a four bar chain with link PS fixed. The lengths of the
links are PQ = 62.5 mm ; QR = 175 mm ; RS = 112.5 mm ; and PS
= 200 mm. The crank PQ rotates at 10 rad/s clockwise. Draw the
velocity and acceleration diagram when angle QPS = 60° and Q
and R lie on the same side of PS. Find the angular velocity and
angular acceleration of links QR and RS.
In the mechanism, as shown in Fig. 8.12, the crank OA
rotates at 20 r.p.m. anticlockwise and gives motion to the
sliding blocks B and D. The dimensions of the various
links are OA = 300 mm; AB = 1200 mm; BC = 450 mm
and CD = 450 mm.
Forces Acting in a Mechanism

Let force FA newton is acting at the joint A in the direction of

the velocity of A (vAm/s) which is perpendicular to the link
DA.
Suppose a force FB newton is transmitted to the joint B in the
direction of the velocity of B (i.e. vB m/s) which is
perpendicular to the link CB.
If we neglect the effect of friction and the change of kinetic
energy of the link (i.e.), assuming the efficiency of
transmission as 100%)
Mechanical Advantage

It is defined as the ratio of the load to the effort. In a four bar

mechanism the link DA is called the driving link and the link CB as
the driven link.
The force FAacting at A is the effort and the force F B at B will be
the load or the resistance to overcome.
A four bar mechanism has the following dimensions :
DA = 300 mm ; CB = AB = 360 mm ; DC = 600 mm. The link DC is
fixed and the angle ADC is 60°. The driving link DA rotates
uniformly at a speed of 100 r.p.m. clockwise and the constant driving
torque has the magnitude of 50 N-m. Determine the velocity of the
point B and angular velocity of the driven link CB. Also find the
actual mechanical advantage and the resisting torque if the
efficiency of the mechanism is 70 per cent
 Grashof’s Law

Grashof’s Law states that the sum of the shortest and longest links
cannot be greater than the sum of the remaining two links, if there
is to be continuous relative between two members

S+l≤p+q
If not satisfied, no link will make a complete revolution
relative to other Basics of Mechanisms Module 1
Crank – Rocker or Crank Lever or Rotary
Oscillating Converter (Class-I four bar linkage)

Fig (a) and (b)

Double rocker or Double lever

Fig. (c) (Class II four bar linkage)

Basics of Mechanisms Module 1

 Transmission Angle
The angle µ between output link and coupler is known as
Transmission angle

AB is the Input link

DC is the Output Link

The value of force transmitted through BC coupler

The particular value of force in the coupler rod the transmission

torque transmitted angle µ is 90o

If the BC and DC become coincident, the transmission angle is zero

and the mechanism would be jam

If µ is deviates from 90o the torque in the output link is decreases

o
A crank-rocker mechanism has a 70 mm fixed link, 20 mm crank, a
50 mm coupler and a 70 mm rocker. Draw the mechanism and
determine the maximum and minimum values of the transmission
angle.
a. Locate the two toggle positions and find the corresponding crank
angles
b. Calculate the transmission angles
Velocity in Mechanisms
(Instantaneous Centre Method)

Combined effort of rotation and

translation

 The figure shows the rigid link AB, which moves from its initial
position AB to A1B1
 It is showing that the link neither has wholly a motion of
translation nor wholly rotational, but the combination of two
motion
 The combined motion of rotation and translation of the link
assumed to be a motion of pure rotation about some centre I,
known as Instantaneous centre of rotation (also called centro or
virtual centre)
Coriolis Component of Acceleration

When a point on one link is sliding along another

rotating link, such as in quick return motion
mechanism, then the coriolis component of the
acceleration must be calculated
A mechanism of a crank and slotted lever quick return motion is
shown in Fig. 8.28. If the crank rotates counter clockwise at 120
r.p.m., determine for the configuration shown, the velocity and
acceleration of the ram D. Also determine the angular acceleration of
the slotted lever. Crank, AB = 150 mm ; Slotted arm, OC = 700 mm
and link CD = 200 mm.
Instantaneous centre method
From the points A and B of the link has moved
to A1 and B1 respectively under the motion of
rotation (as assumed above), therefore the
position of the centre of rotation must lie on the
intersection of the right bisectors of chords A A1
and B B1.

Let these bisectors intersect at I as shown in

Figure which is the instantaneous centre of
rotation or virtual centre of the link AB.
AB goes on changing, therefore the centre about which the motion is
assumed to take place (i.e. the instantaneous centre of rotation) also goes
on changing.
Instantaneous centre of a moving body may be defined as
that centre which goes on changing from one instant to another. The
locus of all such instantaneous centres is known as centrode. A line
drawn through an instantaneous centre and perpendicular to the plane
of motion is called instantaneous axis. The locus of this axis is known
as axode.
Methods for Determining the Velocity of a Point
on a Link

1. Instantaneous centre method and

2. Relative velocity method

The instantaneous centre method is convenient and easy

to apply in simple mechanisms,

The relative velocity method may be used to any

configuration diagram
Number of Instantaneous Centres in a
Mechanism

The number of instantaneous centres in a constrained

kinematic chain is equal to the number of possible
combinations of two links.

The number of pairs of links or the number of

instantaneous centres is the number of combinations of n
links taken two at a time
Types of Instantaneous Centres
1. Fixed instantaneous centres,
2. Permanent instantaneous centres, and
3. Neither fixed nor permanent instantaneous
centres

The first two types i.e. fixed and permanent

instantaneous centres are together known as
primary instantaneous centres and the third
type is known as secondary instantaneous
centres
Consider a four bar mechanism ABCD as shown in Figure. The
number of instantaneous centres (N) in a four bar mechanism
The instantaneous centres I12 and I14 are
called the fixed instantaneous centres as
they remain in the same place for all
configurations of the mechanism.

The instantaneous centres I23 and I34

are the permanent instantaneous centres
as they move when the mechanism moves,
but the joints are of permanent nature.

The instantaneous centres I13 and I24 are

neither fixed nor permanent
instantaneous centres as they vary with the
configuration of the mechanism.
Location of Instantaneous Centres

When the two links are connected by a pin joint (or pivot
joint), the instantaneous centre lies on the centre of the pin
as shown in Figure. Such a instantaneous centre is of
permanent nature.

But if one of the links is fixed, the instantaneous centre

will be of fixed type.

When the two links have a pure rolling contact (i.e.

link 2 rolls without slipping upon the fixed link 1
which may be straight or curved), the instantaneous
centre lies on their point of contact
 When the link 2 (slider) moves on fixed link
1 having straight surface. The instantaneous
centre lies at infinity and each point on the
slider have the same velocity

When the link 2 (slider) moves on fixed link 1

having curved surface The instantaneous
centre lies on the centre of curvature of the
curvilinear path in the configuration at that
instant
When the link 2 (slider) moves on fixed link 1
having constant radius of curvature. The
instantaneous centre lies at the centre of
curvature i.e. the centre of the circle, for all
configuration of the links.
Aronhold Kennedy (or Three Centres in Line)
Theorem

The Aronhold Kennedy’s theorem states that

if three bodies move relatively to each
other, they have three instantaneous
centres and lie on a straight line.

The two instantaneous centres at the pin joints of B with A,

and C with A (i.e. Iab and Iac) are the permanent
instantaneous centres. According to Aronhold Kennedy’s
theorem, the third instantaneous centre Ibc must lie on the
line joining Iab and Iac
Method of Locating Instantaneous Centres in a
Mechanism

1. Determine the number of instantaneous centres (N) by

using the relation
2. Make a list of all the instantaneous centres in a mechanism.
Since for a four bar mechanism, there are six instantaneous centres,
therefore these centres are listed as shown in the following table
(known as book-keeping table).

3. Locate the fixed and permanent instantaneous centres by

inspection. In Figure I12 and I14 are fixed instantaneous
centres and I23 and I34 are permanent instantaneous centres.
4. Locate the remaining neither fixed nor permanent
instantaneous centres (or secondary centres) by Kennedy’s
theorem. This is done by circle diagram
5. Join the points by solid lines to show that these centres are
already found. In the circle diagram these lines are 12, 23, 34
and 14 to indicate the centres I12, I23, I34 and I14.
6. In order to find the other two instantaneous centres, join two such points
that the line joining them forms two adjacent triangles in the circle diagram.
The line which is responsible for completing two triangles, should be a
common side to the two triangles. In Fig join 1 and 3 to form the triangles 123
and 341 and the instantaneous centre* I13 will lie on the intersection of I12
I23 and I14 I34, produced if necessary, on the mechanism. Thus the
instantaneous centre I13 is located. Join 1 and 3 by a dotted line on the circle
diagram and mark number 5 on it. Similarly the instantaneous centre I24 will
lie on the intersection of I12 I14 and I23 I34, produced if necessary, on the
mechanism. Thus I24 is located. Join 2 and 4 by a dotted line on the circle
diagram and mark 6 on it. Hence all the six instantaneous centres are located
Problems on Instantaneous Centre
Method

In a pin jointed four bar mechanism as shown in the figure 1

AB = 300mm, BC = CD = 360mm and AD = 600 mm. The
angle BAD = 600 . The crank AB rotates uniformly at 100
r.p.m. locates all the instantaneous centres and find the
angular velocity of the link BC.
Problems on Instantaneous Centre
Method
Locate all the instantaneous centres of the slider crank
mechanism shown inn figure 2. The length of crank OB and
the connecting rod AB are 100mm and 400 mm respectively.
If the crank rotates clockwise with an angular velocity of 10
rad/sec , find 1. The velocity of slider 2. Angular velocity of
the connecting rod AB
 Problems on Instantaneous Centre
Method
Locate the instantaneous centres for the crossed four bar mechanism
shown in fig 3. The dimensions of various links are : CD = 65 mm
CA = 60 mm DB = 80 mm and AB = 55 mm. Find the angular
velocities of the links AB and DB, if crank CA rotates at 100 r.p.m
in anti-clockwise direction.