Electric and Electronic Technology

Chapter 1 – Fundamental of Electric Circuit

by
Akhtar Razali
FKM
[email protected]
 Chapter Description

• Aims
– Distinguish the elements of electric circuit: nodes, loops, meshes, branches, voltage and current source, power and energy
– Applying Kirchhoff’s laws to solve simple electric circuits by deriving the related basic equation
– State and Apply Ohm’s law to electric circuits

• Expected Outcomes
– Students able to understand and distinguish electric terminologies
– Understand the principle of electric circuit
– Understand Kirchoff’s Laws and its applications
– Understand the Ohm’s law and its application

• Other related Information

– One of mid semester exam is from this topic
– No other relevant information be disclosed

• References
– Rizzoni G., 2004, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, Revised Fourth Edition, Fourth Edition, McGraw Hill
– Hambley A.R., 2005, Electrical Engineering Principles and Applications, Third Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall
 Contents

• Distinguish the principal elements of electric circuit: nodes,

loops, meshes, branches, voltage and current source, power
and energy.
• Apply Kirchhoff’s laws to simple electric circuits and derive
the basic circuit equations.
• State and Apply Ohm’s law to electric circuits
Distinguish the principal elements of electric
circuit: nodes, loops, meshes, branches, voltage
and current source, power and energy.
TOPIC 1
 Definition of Electric Circuit
• An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.
• A simple electric circuit is shown in Fig. 1.1. It consists of three basic components: a
battery, a lamp, and connecting wires. Such a simple circuit can exist by itself; it has
several applications, such as a torch light, a search light, and so forth.

Image Source:
http://leakylugnut.com/electronics/basic
-electronics/
 Definition of Electric Circuit
• Another example of electric circuit is shown as in below
figure: The circuit consists of Switch, Wire, Battery and
Headlamp on a car.
• The circuit system can be demonstrated by a schematic
diagram as below.
 Definition of Electric Circuit
• An electrical circuit may consists of various types of circuit element such as
power source, resistors, capacitance, inductance and wires/conductors.
 Definition of Electric Circuit
Direct current or so called DC : when current is constant with time
Alternatic current or so called AC: when current is sinusoidal versus time

Source:
Rizzoni
 Definition of Electric Circuit
• Figure below shows current flowing in a circuit.

Image Source:
https://commons.wikimed
ia.org/wiki/File:Ohms_law
_voltage_source.svg
 Definition of Electric Circuit
• Branch
• A branch is any portion of a circuit with two terminals
connected to it.
 Definition of Electric Circuit
• Node is an electrical point which two or more circuit
elements are joined together

Image source:
http://texample.net/tikz/examples/circu
itikz/
 Definition of Electric Circuit
• Loop
• A loop is any closed
connection of branches.
 Definition of Electric Circuit
• Loop is any closed connection of branches

Image source: http://latex-

cookbook.net/cookbook/exam
ples/circuits/
 Definition of Electric Circuit
• A mesh is a loop that does not contain other loops

Image source: http://latex-

cookbook.net/cookbook/exam
ples/circuits/
 Kirchhoff's Current Law
• Apply Kirchhoff’s laws to simple electric circuits and
derive the basic circuit equations
 Kirchhoff's Current Law
• Kirchoff’s Law: the summation of current flowing in
and out of a node is equal to ZERO

Image source:
https://commons.wikime
dia.org/wiki/File:Kirchho
ff
%27s_first_law_example
.png
 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law: The summation of voltages in
a mesh is equal to ZERO.

Image source:
https://upload.wikimedi
a.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/4/40/Kirchhoff_voltag
e_law.svg
State and Apply Ohm’s law to electric circuits
OHM’S LAW
 Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s Law id derived
from an experiment by
Sir Ohm to study
relation between
voltage, current and
resistance.
• The findings said
voltage is proportional
to the current in an
ideal resistor.
 Electric Power
• Electric power is
defined as the time rate
of expending or
absorbing energy
measure in watts (W)
• It is denoted by an
equation of P = VI
– P is power
– V is voltage
– I is current
 Sign Convention
 Passive sign convention states that:

The power dissipated by a load is a positive quantity

i i
 
  

 Power dissipated (-)  Power dissipated (+)
 Power generated (+)  Power generated (-)
 Conclusion of The Chapter

• Conclusion #1
– Combination of more than one elements can form an electric circuit.
– A point of where many branches/elements are connected together is called a node.

• Conclusion #2
– Kirchhoff's Current Law or KCL states the summation of current is a node is
equal to ZERO….
– Kirchhoff's Voltage Law or KVL states the summation of current is a mesh is
equal to ZERO …..

• Conclusion #3
– Ohm’s Law is the principle equation which KCL and KVL laws are developed.
Akhtar Razali

FKM, UMP.