Carbon Capture and Storage

A Vital Element of our Low-Carbon Energy

Future

By
Arshad Khan GL0258
What is Carbon Capture and Storage?
 Need of Carbon Capture and Storage
• According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions must be
reduced by 50 to 80 percent by 2050 to avoid dramatic
consequences of global warming.
• A new strategy for reducing CO2 emissions as soon as possible
is required
• The consequences of too high global warming will be melting
of glaciers, leading to reduced water and food resources.
• As a consequence more than 200 million humans can become
climate refugees.
This figure shows that a
large increase in global
energy demand is
expected and that
according to the
Rreference scenario RS,
the global energy
demand will increase by
50 percent by 2030.

Figure 1
Figure 2
 Capturing Carbon
• There are different types of CO2 capture systems:
• post-combustion- after fuel burnt,
• pre-combustion- before fuel burnt and
• oxyfuel combustion.
• The concentration of CO2 in the gas stream, the pressure of
the gas stream and the fuel type (solid or gas) are important
factors in selecting the capture system.
 Pre-combustion
• Pre-combustion capture refers to removing CO2 from fossil fuels
before combustion is completed.
• Pre-combustion capture processes convert fuel into a gaseous
mixture of hydrogen and CO2. The hydrogen is separated and can be
burnt without producing any CO2.

• The fuel conversion steps required for pre-combustion are more

complex than the processes involved in post-combustion, making the
technology more difficult to apply to existing power plants.
• For example- In gasification Process ( as shown in next slide)
 Disadvantages

CO2 separation via adsorption on a porous solid material (CO2CRC, 2017)

 Post-combustion
• Post-combustion Capture refers to capturing carbon dioxide (CO2)
from a flue gas generated after combusting a carbon-based fuel,
such as coal or natural gas.
• CO2 can be captured using a liquid solvent or other separation
methods.
• In an absorption-based approach, once absorbed by the solvent,
the CO2 is released by heating to form a high purity CO2 stream.
• This technology is widely used to capture CO2 for use in the food
and beverage industry.
• For example-In pulverized coal(PC) process.
IPCC
 Oxyfuel Combustion
• Oxyfuel combustion processes use oxygen rather than air for
combustion of fuel.
• Power plants don’t produce pure CO2 because there’s often
not enough oxygen for complete combustion they produce
other pollutant gases as well.
• One way to purify the exhaust is to blow extra oxygen into the
furnace so the fuel burns completely producing relatively pure
steam of CO2.
• Oxyfuel produces exhaust gas that is mainly water vapour and
CO2 that can be easily separated to produce a high purity CO2
stream.
IPCC
Comparison Between Carbon Capture Technologies
 Transportation
• Captured CO2 must be transported from the point of capture to
a storage site.
• Pipelines are the most common method for transporting CO2.
• CO2 also can be transported as a liquid in ships, road or rail
tankers that carry CO2 in insulated tanks at a temperature well
below ambient, and at much lower pressures.
• In some situations or locations, transport of CO2 by ship may be
economically more attractive, particularly when the CO2 has to
be moved over large distances or overseas.
Figure 4 and 5
 Storage of Carbon
• Potential technical storage methods are: geological storage (in
geological formations, such as oil and gas fields, unminable coal
beds and deep saline formations), ocean storage (direct release
into the ocean water column or onto the deep seafloor) and
industrial fixation of CO2 into inorganic carbonates.
• As a subset of geological storage, it is possible to inject CO2 into
an oil field where it can be used for enhanced oil recovery.
However, since more carbon dioxide is released when this oil is
used, it is not a carbon neutral process, making it less appealing
than other storage methods.
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
 Advantages
CCS can capture more than 90 per cent of CO2 from a power plant or industrial complex.
The technology can consequently reduce the environmental impact of the energy sector.
• CCS contributes to reducing the effects of climate change
• CCS Can Reduce Emissions at the Source.
• CO2 Is Easier to Remove at Point Sources.
• Other Pollutants Can Be Removed at the Same Time.
• CCS Could Reduce the Social Cost of Carbon.

Disadvantages
The Cost of CCS Is High.
Using CCS for Oil Recovery Could Defeat Its Purpose.
• Long-Term Storage Capacity for CO2 Is Uncertain.
• CO2 Transport and Storage Sites Could Be Dangerous.
• Public Perception of Placing CO2 Near Them Is Negative.
 List of Figures
Figure 1: Intergovernmental panel of climate change global CO2 emissions
reference scenario.
Figure 2: Global Carbon Project(2017)
Figure 3: Global Carbon Project(2017)
Figure 4,5:IPCC report on climate change 2005.
Figure 6,7 and 8: Provided by Global CSS institute.
 References
• 1.”Carbon capture and storag” J Gibbins, H Chalmers –
Energy policy, 2008 – Elsevier
• 2.“Prospects for carbon capture and storage technologie” S
Anderson, R Newell – Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 2004 –
annualreviews.org
• 3.”Lifetime of carbon capture and storage as a climate-
change mitigation technology” ML Szulczewski, CW
MacMin, 2012 – National Acad Sciences
• 4.“Recent progress and new developments in post-
combustion carbon-capture technology with amine based
solvents” Abdelbaki Benamor d, Mohammed Al-Marri d,
Huancong Shif, Teeradet Supap-2018
Recap
1.What is Carbon Capture and Storage?
2.Need of CCS:Global CO2 Emissions
3.Capturing Techniques
4.Pre Combustion Capture
5.Post Combustion Capture
6.Oxyfuel
7.Transportation
8.Storage Techniques
9.Advantages and Disadvantages
Mobile Carbon Capture
• Capturing CO2 at source so it never reaches the air.
• Permits uninterrupted use of carbon fuels for vehicle
transportation.
• The generated CO2 would be collected and stored on-board
the vehicle during the daily commute.
• Then the vehicle would be plugged in to a collection unit at
site to regenerate the adsorbent and siphon the collected
CO2.
• The collection unit would rely on electricity to generate heat.
CO2 Direct Air Capture (DAC)
• CO2 Direct Air Capture (DAC) is the option for capturing CO2
from the atmosphere, diluted gases and distributed sources of
carbon via industrial processes.

• DAC is a relatively new and innovative technology in early

commercial stage which in a long term perspective, along with
conventional technologies, can help humankind to control and
mitigate climate change.

• The main DAC systems are two types-

1. High Temperature aqueous solution.
2. Low Temperature solid sorbent.
High Temperature Aqueous Solution
• The first cycle, known as absorption, ambient air is brought into
contact with sprayed sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the solvent in the
absorption column with the aid of fans or natural airflow.
• CO2 molecules react with NaOH and form a solution of sodium
carbonate (Na2CO3).
• This solution is transported to the regeneration cycle and CO2
depleted air leaves the column.
• In the second cycle, known as regeneration, Na2CO3 is mixed with
calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in the causticiser unit, where solid
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is formed and NaOH is regenerated.
• NaOH is sent back to the contactor and ready to start another
absorption cycle.
• CaCO3 is heated up to around 900 °C in the calciner unit to
release CO2.
• Contactor 2NaOH + CO2 >> Na2CO3 + H2O
• causticiser Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 >> 2NaOH + CaCO3
• calciner CaCO3 + heat >> CaO + CO2
• slaker CaO + H2O >> Ca(OH)2
Low Temperature Solid Sorbent
• In the first step, the system is open, ambient air goes through
naturally or with the help of fans.
• At ambient temperature, CO2 chemically binds to the filter and
CO2 depleted air leaves the system.
• In the next step, the fans are switched off, the inlet valve is
closed and the remaining air is optionally swept out through a
pressure drop by vacuuming or inserting steam into the
system.
• Then regeneration happens by heating the system to a certain
temperature, depending on the sorbent.
• Released CO2 is collected and transported out of the system for
purification, compression or utilisation.
 Crystals
Scientists have now created a stable and recyclable material where the micro-pores
within the crystal have different adsorption sites for CO2 and water.

• The new material is called SGU-29, named

after Sogang University in South Korea, and
is the result of international cooperation.
• It is a copper silicate crystal.
• It captures CO2 much more efficiently than
previously known materials, even in the
presence of water.
• There is competition between water and
CO2, and water usually wins. This material
adsorbs both, but the CO2 uptake is
enormous.
 Metal-organic frameworks MOF
• The percentage of carbon dioxide that the MOF can absorb depends on
the process.
• With their nanoscopic pores and incredibly high surface areas, MOFs are
excellent materials for gas storage.
• MOFs’ vast internal surface areas allow them to hold remarkably high
volumes of gas.
• After the MOF captures the
CO2, the hydrogen is burned,
and the only byproduct is
water.
• This extra chemical processing
step would need to be built
into new power plants as a
pre-combustion process.
 References
1. Recent advances in carbon capture storage and utilisation technologies:
a review Ahmed I. Osman1  · Mahmoud Hefny2,3 · M. I. A. Abdel Maksoud4 ·
Ahmed M. Elgarahy5,6 · David W. Rooney1 Received: 3 October 2020
Accepted: 30 October 2020 / Published online: 22 November 2020.

2. Bui, M., Adjiman, C.S., Bardow, A., Anthony, E.J., Boston, A., Brown, S.,
Fennell, P.S., Fuss, S., Galindo, A., et al., 2018. Carbon capture and storage
(CCS): the way forward. Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 1062.

3. Broehmhm, M., Strefler, J., Bauer, N., 2015. Techno-economic review of

direct air capture systems for large scale mitigation of atmospheric CO2
(Accessed 24 May 2018).