WEEK 2
Dynamics of Particles
POSITION, VELOCITY AND
ACCELERATION
The movements of particle on
extremely horizontal or vertical
directions
WHY LEARNING ABOUT MOTION OF RIGID BODIES?
Erratic and uncontrollable motions?
• Flooded river
• Hurricane
• Runaway automobile
Simple movement
• etc
Simple movement Simple movement
Simple movement Complex Simple movement
Simple movement
Simple movement
Simple movement
Movements:
Simple
Complex
THE SYSTEM OF PARTICLES
Kinematics: Studies motion without its causes
Kinetics: Relating forces and torques to motion
Dynamics: Kinematics and kinetics of rigid bodies and
continua
The foundation of Dynamics Newton Laws
The existence of inertial frame: a single particle stays fix or
moves uniformly along a line
In an inertial frame; F = m . a
Action and re-Action forces are equal and act in opposite
directions
How do we describe motion :
1. Words
2. Diagrams
3. Graphs
4. Equations
DESCRIBING MOTION WITH WORDS
The motion of objects can be described by words.
Even a person without a background in physics has a collection
of words, which can be used to describe moving objects. For
example, going faster, stopped, slowing down, speeding up,
and turning provide a sufficient vocabulary for describing the
motion of objects.
In physics, we use these words as the language of kinematics.
1. Distance and Displacement
2. Speed and Velocity
3. Acceleration
These words which are used to describe the motion of objects
can be divided into two categories.
The quantity is either a vector or scalar.
1. Scalars are quantities which are described by a
magnitude only.
2. Vectors are quantities which are described by both a
magnitude and a direction.
Distance Displacement
Distance refers to the total Displacement refers to the
length of travel irrespective distance moved in a
of the direction of the particular direction.
motion.
It is the object's overall change
It is a scalar quantity. in position.
SI unit: meter (m) It is a vector quantity.
SI unit: meter (m)
Other common Other common units: kilometer
units: kilometer (km), (km), centimeter (cm)
centimeter (cm)
1 dS (t )
x (vi vf )t v (t )
2 dt
Distance vs. Displacement
You drive the path, and your odometer goes up by 8
miles (your distance).
Your displacement is the shorter directed distance from
start to stop (green arrow).
What if you drove in a circle?
start
stop
Example 1
A student walks 4 m East, 2 m South, 4 m West, and finally 2
m North.
DISTANCE?
Total distance = 12 m
During the course of his motion, the total length of travel is
12 m.
DISPLACEMENT?
Total displacement = 0 m
When he is finished walking, there is no change in his
position.
The 4 m east is “canceled by” the 4 m west; and the 2 m
south is “canceled by” the 2 m north.
Speed Velocity
Speed is the rate of change Velocity is the distance
of distance. travelled in a specific
(how fast an object moves)
direction.
(how fast and which way;
It is a scalar quantity. the rate at which position
changes)
It is also defined as the rate of
change of displacement.
It is a vector quantity.
distance travelled change in displaceme nt
Speed Velocity
time taken time taken
Speed Vs Velocity
An object is moving in a circle at a constant speed of 10 m/s.
We say that it has a constant speed but its velocity is not
constant. Why?
Direction of Motion
The direction of the object keeps changing.
When evaluating the velocity of an object, one must keep track
of direction.
The direction of the velocity vector is the same as the direction
which an object is moving. (It would not matter whether the
object is speeding up or slowing down.)
For example:
If an object is moving rightwards, then its velocity is described
as being rightwards.
Boeing 747 moving towards the west with a speed of 260m/s
has a velocity of 260m/s, west.
Note that speed has no direction (it is a scalar) and velocity at any
instant is simply the speed with a direction.
Instantaneous Speed and Average Speed
As an object moves, it often
undergoes changes in speed.
The speed at any instant is
known as the instantaneous
speed. (From the value shown
by speedometer)
The average speed of the entire journey can be
calculated:
Total distance travelled
Average Speed
Total time taken
s
v t lim 0
t
Acceleration
Acceleration (a) represents how fast an object movement is
speeded up, slow down, or changed direction; the rate at
which velocity changes
change in velocity
Acceleration is a vector quantity
time taken
dv (t )
a (t )
dt
Calculating Acceleration: Example
A roller coaster’s velocity at the top of a hill is 10m/s. Two
sec later it reaches the bottom of the hill with a velocity of 26
m/s. What is the acceleration of the roller coaster?
Vf-Vo
T
26-10
2
8 m/s/s
Calculating Acceleration: Example
A roller coaster’s velocity at the bottom of a hill is 25 m/s.
Three seconds later it reaches the top of the next hill,
moving at 10 m/s. What is the deceleration of the roller
coaster?
A= Vf-Vo
T
A = 10-25 = -7.5 m/s/s
2
Calculating Acceleration: Example
A car is traveling at 60 km/hr. It accelerates to 85 km/hr in 5
seconds. What is the acceleration of the car?
A= Vf-Vo
T
A = 85-60 = 5.0 m/s/s
5
ACCELERATION
t (s) v (mph) t (s) v (m/s)
0 55 0 34
1 57 1 31
2 59 2 28
3 61 3 25
m/s
a = +2 mph / s a = -3 s = -3 m / s 2
Velocity & Acceleration Sign Chart
VELOCITY
-
+
A
C
C Moving forward; Moving backward;
E +
L Speeding up Slowing down
E
R -
A
T Moving forward; Moving backward;
I Slowing down Speeding up
O
N
Accelerated Motions
Faster
Very Slow Slow Fast Very Fast
Slower
movements
How are the velocities?
Positively accelerated? Negatively accelerated?
Acceleration is a vector quantity which is defined as the rate at
which an object changes its velocity.
An object is accelerating if it is positively changing its velocity.
Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
Average Acceleration
v dv
a t lim a
0
t dt
Instantaneous Acceleration
Particle Straight Line (Rectilinear) Motion
-1 6 -1 2 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16
x , s, v, a
T y p ic a l R e c t ilin e a r M o tio n C o o r d in a te S y s te m
Key feature of straight line motion: Acceleration is always
collinear with the velocity. Examples:
R e c t ilin e a r M o t io n : A c c e l a lw a y s c o llin e a r w it h v.
v
S p e e d in c r e a s in g .
a
v
S p e e d d e c r e a s in g .
a
Acceleration
Increasing speed and deceleration (decreasing speed)
should not be confused with the directions of velocity and
acceleration:
Speeding up, moving to the right Slowing down, moving to the right
Slowing down, moving to the left
Speeding up, moving to the left
Fill in the Chart
Initial Velocity Acceleration Motion
+ + Speeding up, moving
right/up
- - Speeding up, moving
left/down
+ - Slowing Down
moving right/up
- + Slowing Down,
moving left/down
- or + 0 Constant Velocity
0 - or + Speeding up from
rest
0 0 Remaining at rest
Particle Straight Line (Rectilinear) Motion
Key feature of straight line motion: Acceleration is always
collinear with the velocity.
What if accel is NOT collinear with the velocity? You would have
curvilinear motion (to be covered next week).
W h a t if t h e a c c e l is N O T c o llin e a r w it h v ?
W h a t if t h e r e is a n a c c e l c o m p o n e n t to v ?
a = an
v
at A n a t c h a n g e s t h e le n g t h (s p e e d )
o f t h e v v e c t o r.
A n a n = a c h a n g e s t h e d ir e c t io n
o f th e v v e c to r (a c u r v e )!
Particle Straight Line Motion
S t r a ig h t L in e M o t io n C a s e s :
(1 ) a = c o n s ta n t Various combinations
Today!
(2 ) a = f(t) of the basic kinematic
variables a, v, s, and t.
(3 ) a = f(v ) They all can be
(4 ) a = f(s ) N e x t c la s s . expressed as functions
(5 ) v = f(s ) of another variable.
...e t c ...
Straight Line Motion:
Acceleration= Constant Case
The defining kinematic equations may be integrated for
acceleration = constant to get the familiar equations shown
below. Memorize these! You will use them often. Use them
ONLY for acceleration = constant
A c c e l = C o n s t a n t E q u a t io n s
D e fin in g E q n s In te g ra te d (a = c o n s t)
1 a = dv v = v0 + at
dt
d s
2 v = s = s 0 + v 0 t + 12 a t 2
dt
3 a ds = v dv v 2 = v 20 + 2 a ( s - s 0 )
Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Linear Motion
v 2 v1 at dS
v
dt
s vt
v1 v 2
v 2
2 dv d S
a 2
s v1t 1 at 2 dt dt
2
2 2
v2 v1 2as
Kinematics Formula Summary
For 1-D motion with constant acceleration:
• v = v0 + a t
• v = (v0 + v ) / 2
avg
1
• x = v0 t +2 ½ at2
• v2 – v02 = 2 a S
(derivations to follow)
Kinematics Derivations
a = v / t (by definition)
a = (vf – v0) / t
vf = v 0 + a t
v = (v0 + vf ) / 2 will be proven when we do graphing.
avg
x = v t = ½ (v0 + vf) t = ½ (v0 + v0 + a t) t
1
x = S = v0 t + a t 2 2
(cont.)
FREE FALL
Any object which is moving and being acted upon only be
the force of gravity is said to be "in a state of free fall.“
all objects fall freely at g 10 m s-2 when near the earth
and air resistance is negligible.
speed of a free-falling body increases by 10 m s-1 every
second or when a body is thrown up, its speed decreases
by 10 m s-1 every second.
Although the acceleration due to gravity is considered
constant, it tends to vary slightly over the earth since the
earth is not a perfect sphere.
Freely Falling Bodies: Acceleration due to Gravity
Near the surface of the This acceleration
Earth, all objects vector is the same
accelerate at the same on the way up, at
rate (ignoring air the top, and on the
resistance). way down!
vt vo gt a = -g = -9.8 m/s2
9.8 m/s2
h ho vot 1 gt 2
2
Interpretation: Velocity decreases by 9.8 m/s each second,
meaning velocity is becoming less positive or more
negative. Less positive means slowing down while going
up. More negative means speeding up while going down.
Acceleration due to gravity
m
g 9.81 2
s
END
