Course : COMP6056

Effective Period : September 2021

Input, Process, Output

Session 1
 Sub Topics

• designing Programs
• Input, Output, variables
• Assignment and Calculations
• Declaration and Data Types
• Named Constant
• Hand Tracing a program
• Documenting a program
• Designing your first program
 Acknowledgement

These slides have been adapted from:

Gaddis, T. (2019). Starting Out with

Programming Logic and Design 5th.
ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5

Chapter 2
 Learning Objectives
At the end of this lecture, students are able to:
LO1: To explain the program development cycle
LO2: To write pseudo-code to solve simple problem
 Designing a Program

The program development cycle

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Designing a Program

Two steps in designing a program

1. Understand the tasks that the program is to perform.
– Learning what the customer wants.
2. Determine the steps that must be taken to perform the
task.
– Create an algorithm, or step-by-step directions to solve
the problem.
– Use flowcharts and/or pseudocode to solve.

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Designing a Program

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Designing a Program
Pseudocode
• Fake code used as a model for programs
• No syntax rules
• Well written pseudocode can be easily translated
to actual code
1.Display “Enter the number of hours”
2.Input hours
3.Display “Enter the hourly pay rate”
4.Input payRate
5.Set grossPay = hours * payRate
6.Display “The gross pay is $”, grossPay
Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Designing a Program

Flowcharts
• A diagram that graphically depicts the steps
that take place in a program
Terminator used for
start and stop

Parallelogram used
for input and output

Rectangle used for

processes

Flow

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Designing a Program

Example:
Flowchart for the
pay calculating program

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Output, Input, and Variables
Output – data that is generated and displayed
Input – data that a program receives
Variables – storage locations in memory for data

Computer programs typically follow 3 steps

1. Input is received
2. Some process is performed on the input
3. Output is produced

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Output, Input, and Variables

Display is the keyword to show output to the screen

Sequence – lines execute in the order they appear
String Literals – a sequence of characters

The statements execute in order Output of Program 2-1

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Output, Input, and Variables

Input is the keyword to take values from the

user of the program
It is usually stored in variables

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Output, Input, and Variables

Programmers can define variable names

following certain rules
– Must be one word, no spaces
– Generally, punctuation characters are avoided
– Generally, the first character cannot be a number
– Name a variable something that indicates what
may be stored in it
camelCase is popular naming convention

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Output, Input, and Variables

IPO Charts

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Output, Input, and Variables

Strings and Literals

• String appear in actual code
• Usually enclosed in double quote mark

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Output, Input, and Variables

Strings and Literals

• String appear in actual code
• Usually enclosed in double quote mark

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Output, Input, and Variables
Variable Assignment & Calculations
• Variable assignment can come from user input
and also can be set through an assignment
statement
set price = 20 or set price to 20

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Output, Input, and Variables

Calculations are performed using math operators

The expression is normally stored in variables
Set sale = price – discount

Common math operators

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Output, Input, and Variables
Variable Declarations & Data Types
A variable declaration includes a variable’s name and a
variable’s data type
Data Type – defines the type of data you intend to
store in a variable
– Integer – stores only whole numbers
– Real – stores whole or decimal numbers
– String – any series of characters
– Character – one character only
• Example: Declare Real grossPay

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Output, Input, and Variables

For safety and to avoid logic errors, variables

should be initialized to 0 or some other value

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Named Constants

A named constant is a name that represents

a value that cannot be changed
– Makes programs more self explanatory
– If a change to the value occurs, it only has to
be modified in one place
Constant Real INTEREST_RATE = 0.069

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Hand Tracing a Program

Hand tracing is a simple debugging process for

locating hard to find errors in a program or to
ensure the correctness of a program
Involves creating a chart with a column for each
variable, and a row for each line of code

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Documenting a Program

External documentation describes aspects of the

program for the user, sometimes written by a
technical writer
Internal documentation explains how parts of the
program works for the programmer, also
known as comments
// comments are often distinguished within
// the program with line comments

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Designing Your First Program

Calculate the batting average for any player

Batting Average = Hits ÷ Times at Bat

Determine what is required for each phase of the

program:

1.What must be read as input?

2.What will be done with the input?
3.What will be the output?

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Designing Your First Program

1. Input is received.
– The number of hits
– The number of times at bat
2. Some process is performed on the input.
– Calculate the batting average
– Divide the number of hits by the number of times
at bat
3. Output is produced.
– The player’s batting average

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Designing Your First Program

IPO Chart

Input Process Output

The number of hits 1. Calculate the batting average The player’s batting average
2. Divide the number of hits by
The number of times at bat the number of times at bat

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Designing Your First Program

Pseudocode

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Designing Your First Program

Flowchart

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 Designing Your First Program

Hand Tracing
Test Data
Data Set 1 Data Set 2
hits 150 50
atBat 500 200
BattingAverage 0.3 0.25
Statement
Variables
Number
Data Set 1 hits atBat BattingAverage
8 150
12 500
15 0.3
18 displayed
Data Set 2 hits atBat BattingAverage
8 50
12 200
15 0.25
18 displayed

Gaddis, T., Starting Out With Programming Logic and Design, 5 ed, ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5
 References
Gaddis, T. (2019). Starting Out with Programming Logic
and Design 5th.
ISBN: 978-0-13-480115-5