POSTGRADUATE TEACHING DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

MAHATMA JYOTIBA PHULE EDUCATIONAL CAMPUS

RASHTRASANT TUKADOJI MAHARAJ NAGPUR
UNIVERSITY NAGPUR – 440033
SESSION – 2021-2022

SEMINAR TOPIC :-
CELL DIVISION (MITOSIS & MEIOSIS)

SUBMITTED BY:-
TEACHING IN-CHARGE:- PRATIKSHA G. KARPATE
PROF. D. D. BARSAGADE M.Sc. - 1st SEMESTER
Miss. URMILA JIVANTARE DEPT. OF ZOOLOGY
RTM NAGPUR UNIVERSITY
 Content
Cell division:-

 Introduction

 Interphase
a) G1 Phase

b) S Phase

c) G2 Phase

 Mitosis

 Meiosis - I

 Meiosis - II

 Significance

 Reference
 INTRODUCTION

A process by which a cell divides into two or four daughter cell

1) A series of changes or sequential events, which occur in the life of a dividing cell is called cell
cycle.
2) The cell cycle consists of two main phases i.e. interphase and M phase (mitotic or meiotic)
phase.
3) They takes place in a co- ordinatied way to ensure correct division and formation of progeny
cells. Which contains intact genome.
4) Howard and Pelc. (1953) have divided cell cycle into four phases i.e. G1, S , G2, and M phase.
 Interphase :-
1) It was formerly called resting phase. But the cell is highly active and prepares itself for the
ensuring division. Therefore it is called preparatory phase.
2) Interphase can further divided into three phases – G1 phase, S-phase, and G2 phase.

 G1 Phase :-
1) Post – mitotic gap phase.
2) It involves synthesis of protein (enzyme) and synthesis of DNA replication.
3) Proliferation of cells organelles takes place or cell may enter in the G0 phase.

 S-phase :-
1) It is also known as synthesis or synthetic phase.
2) Replication of genetic material (DNA) takes place in this stage.

 G2Phase :-
1) G2 phase involves the synthesis of the tuleolin, the spindle protein and RNA.
2) There is duplication of cell organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplast.
 Mitosis
• Mitosis is a type of cell division in which a cell divides to form two daughter cells retaining same
chromosome complement.
• Mitosis maintains chromosomes numbers in daughter cells equals to that of the mother cell so
that it is called Equational division.
• Mitosis is a common type of cell division which is responsible for growth & development in
multicellular organisms and multiplication in unicellular organism.
• This cell division results in the formation of somatic cells it is often called Somatic cell division.
• Mitosis divided into two stages :
• Karyokinesis and cytokinesis

 Karyokinesis
• Karyokinesis or nuclear division is the stage in which nucleus undergoes a series of changes to
form two daughter nuclei.
• Karyokinesis may be further distinguished into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
  Prophase
• In late prophase the nuclear membrane and
nucleolus begin to disappear. The daughter
centriole start moving away from each other
& occupy polar position.
 Metaphase
• The condensation of chromosomes is Prophase
completed and the thick chromosomes get
organised along equatorial plane of the cell.
• This phase is characterized by formation of
kinetic spindle.
 Anaphase
• It is the shortest phase of karyokinesis in
which centromere divide into two, resulting Metaphase
in the separation of chromatids.
• Each separated chromatid is now called
daughter chromosome.

Anaphase
 Telophase :-
• Daughter chromosomes uncoil and undergo
hydration to form chromatin network.
• The nuclear membrane begins to reappear
around each group of daughter chromosomes
& daughter nuclei are formed.

 Cytokinesis :- Telophase
• The division of cytoplasm of the mother cell is
called cytokinesis.
• Cytokinesis is the physical process of cell
division, which divides the cytoplasm of a
parental cell into two daughter cells.

Cytokinesis
 Meiosis
• Meiosis is a type of cell division which involves having of the chromosome number. Therefore it is
called as reduction division.
• It is a process in which the chromosomes duplicate only once but cell divides twice. It results in
the formation of four haploid cells.
• The meiotic division involves two successive divisions meiosis-I or reduction division and meiosis-II
or equational division.

Meiosis-I or reduction division:-

 Interphase :-
• It is preparatory phase and involves duplication of genetic material DNA .

 Prophase-I:-
• It is the most complicated and the longest phase of meiotic division. It is further distinguished into
five sub-stages viz. laptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene and diakinesis.
 b) Zygotene:-
a) Leptotene:- • The zygotene stage also known as zygonema.
• It is also known as leptonema. • It is a phase in which homologous
• During this phase the chromatin network chromosomes begin to pair.
condenses and resolves into long and thin, • Pairing of homologous chromosome is known
thread like chromasomes. Each chromosome as synapsis.
consist of two chromatid but appears as a
single thread.

Leptotene

Zygotene
c) Pachytene:-
• This phase is also known as pachynema. d) Diplotene :-
• During this phase condesation of • The homologues now start to repeat each
chromosomes progresses and they become other and began to separate.
short and thick. • At the points of crossing over, they remain
• The points where crossing over takes place attached and thus chiasmata can be seen.
are called chiasmata. Nucleolus and nuclear-membrane start.

Pachytene

Diplotene
 • The spindle formation is completed and the
bivalents move and arrange themselves at the
 Diakinesis equatorial plane.
• The chromosome become shorter and thicker • Chromosomal fibres extend from the poles to
due to condensation. the centromeres of corresponding homologues.
• Nucleus and nuclear envelop disappear at the
end.

 Metaphase-I Diakinesis

Metaphase-I
 • Homologous chromosomes which are still
attached at chiasmata, finally get seperated.
 Anaphase-1 This is called disjuction.
• The chromosomal fibres contract and pull the
homologues and inter-chromosomal fibres
appear and extend so that homologous
chromosomes start moving towards opposite
poles. Centromere do not divide.

Anaphase-1
  Cytokinesis-I:-
 Telophase-I:- • Telophase-I is often followed by division of
the cytoplasm.
• The chromosomes uncoil to form chromatine.
The spindle fibres disappear. The nuclear • The cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end
membrane and nucleous reappear forming of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the
two daughter nuclei. separation into two daughter cells.

Telophase-I

Cytokinesis-I
 Meiosis - II
• Meiosis-II involve following stages : Prophase- • The centromeres of each chromosome
II, Metaphase-II, Anapase-II and Telophase-II divides and chromoatid are separated.
• Thy move towards opposite pole by the
shortening of the chromosomal fibres and
 Prophase-II :- elogation of inter-chromosomal fibres.
• The chromsomes with chomatids become
distinct. The nucleus and nuclear membrane
disappear.
 Metaphase-II :-
• During this phase spindle formation takes
place and the chromosomes move towards
equatorial plane.
 Anaphase-II :-
 Telophase-II :-  Cytokinesis-II :-
• The daughter chromosomes which have • Division of cytoplasm of each cell forming two
gathered at each pole start uncoiling. daughter cells.
• The nucleolus reappears and the nuclear • At the end of meiosis-II four haploid daughter
membrane is formed around each group of cells are formed.
chromosomes forming two daughter nuclei.
 Significance :-

• Mitosis help in growth, development and repair of multicellular organism by forming new somatic
cell.
• Mitosis ensure equal distribution of genetic material and maintains characteristics of species.
• It plays a significant role in asexual reproduction.
• Meiosis is a significant process as it produces haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.
• Meiosis introduces genetic recombination leading to variations and evolution.
 Reference :-

• Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology…………P. S. Verma, V. K. Agarwal.
• The cell cycle : Principles of control…….David Morgon, Dawid Owen Morgan.
• The biology of the cell cycle…….. J. M. Mitchison.
• The cell in Mitosis…….. Laurence Levine.
THANK YOU