بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم
Ministry of Higher Education
University of Nyala
faculty of Engineering Sciences
Electrical and Electronic Department
course Name : HIGH VOLTAGES ENGINEERING
Course Code :((654 هكا
GHABSHA ADAM ALI
Overvoltage Phenomenon
Lighting (natural phenomena
Over voltage due to switching , power frequency Over voltage
Control of Over voltage's
Generation of high voltages
High DC voltages
High AC voltage of power frequency
High AC voltage of high frequency
High impulse voltage of shorter duration (Lighting)
High impulse voltage of longer duration (Switching)
MEASURMENT OF HIGH VOLTAGES
H DC Voltages
H AC Voltages (power frequency)
H AC Voltages (High frequency)
High impulse voltages
High Voltage Testing of Electrical Apparatus
insulator , cables , circuit breaker , transformers
PROJECTS:-
Overvoltage Phenomenon and
Insulation Coordination in Electric
Power Systems (1)
Introduction
It is essential for electrical power engineers to
reduce the number of outages and continuity
of service and electric supply .
It is necessary to direct special attention to
works the protection of generation,
transforms and transmission lines in
electrical systems from the chief causes of:
Over-current faults
Over-voltage phenomenon
Overvoltage's sources:
natural phenomenon
lighting overvoltage
originate in the systems
connection and disconnection of circuit
breaker contacts or due to initiation or
interruption of faults (( switching
overvoltage))
Rated voltages
Generation voltages (11-33 kV)
Transmission voltages (110-800 kV)
Sub-transmission voltages (110-40kV)
Distribution voltages (6.6-11 kV)
consumer voltages (220- 415V)
Abnormal high voltages
Lighting (natural phenomena): Does not depend on line
design and voltage and lighting performance improve with system
insulation.
Switching of breakers (originate from the system):
proportional with system voltage and this important for system over
500kV.
Lighting phenomena
Lighting phenomena is peak natural
discharge in which charge accumulated in
clouds discharge in neighbouring cloud
or ground
Distribution of charges in clouds
Many and uncertain theories for charges formation
During thunderstorms (+) and (-) charges are
separated by heavy air currents with ice crystal in
upper parts and rain drops in the lower parts.
The chare inside cloud is high as 1-100 C.
Field voltage gradient range from 100V/cm to
10KV/cm
Cloud may have potential range of 10^7 to 10^8 V.
The upper part is usually (+) charge while the lower part is (-) charge except
the local area which is (+) charge
Simpson theory (charge formation)
Three main regions in clouds:
Region A: air travel above 800cm/s so high to break rain
fall and create positive charge in cloud and negative
charge in the air.
Region B: negatively charge.
Region C: temperature is below frozen and only crystal
ice exist (positive charge).
Rate of charging of clouds:
E: Electrical field density
v: velocity of separation of charges
: charge density in cloud
: factor depend on medium conductivity
Mechanism of light stroke
When electrical field density exceed break down point of moist
air (10kV/cm) an steamer with plasma start toward the ground.
After 50m or so it come to halt emitting bright flash of light.
This halt rise from insufficient build up of electrical charge.
After short time (100us) the stream begin again and repeat the
process until totally breakdown occur.
the total time step ladder to reach the ground is 20ms.
The lighting stroke explained based on streamer theory
for spark discharge in long gap with non-uniform electric
field.
When the leader move towards the ground positive
charge is accumulated under head of stroke.
After the stroke reach near the ground the positive
charge in cloud neutralized with negative charge in
ground and heavy current flow through the path.
The discharge current range 1000 to 250000 A.
Direct stroke: the cloud directly discharge on
the lines or towers.
Induced stroke: cloud discharge on the ground
near transmission lines.
Lighting mathematical model
When stream discharge occur the lighting stroke considered as
current source (Io) with source impedance of Zo.
If stroke strike line of impedance Z than the voltage build in is:
The lighting impedance is not certain known but
estimated in range 1000-3000 ohm.
TL impedance (300-500), ground wire 100-150,
cables (40-60) and towers (10-50).
the term Z/Zo could be neglected
Approximate model is V=IoZ where Io is lighting
stroke current and Z is apparatus impedance.
If lighting stroke current is 10KA stroke line of 400
than cause overvoltage of 4000KV.
Travelling waves in transmission lines
Reflection and transmission of waves at transition point
If there abrupt change in TL parameters the travelling
wave undergoes transition. Part of the wave is reflected
and portion is transmitted
The incoming wave is called incident wave while the
other are reflected wave and transmitted wave.
Simple case (two impedance only)
Reflection coefficient
Reflected voltage and current
Transmitted voltage and current
Behaviour of unit step function at transition point
1- Open end line (e = E U(t), = Z and = )
2- Short end line (e=E U(t), =Z and = Zero)
3- Line terminated with resistance equal to
surge impedance of the line:
4- Line terminated with a capacitor C:
5- Line terminated by an inductance L:
