SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Kuniamuthur, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University,
Accredited by NAAC with “A” Grade & Accredited by NBA (CSE, ECE, IT, MECH ,EEE, CIVIL& MCT)

20EE303 - Electric Power Generation

Module 1: Thermal and Hydro power plants
1.5 Case studies on thermal power
plants
by

Mr. S.KARTHIKEYAN,
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

www.skcet.ac.in [email protected]
S.KARTHIKEYAN, AP/EEE, SKCET
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
of
Thermal Power Plant

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SUMMARY TABLE OF ELECTRIC POWER
GENERATION

Source India Japan U.S.

Coal 59.2% 21.2% 51.8%
Oil 13.9% 16.6% 03.1%
Gas 06.3% 22.1% 15.7%
Nuclear 02.5% 30.0% 19.9%
Hydro 17.8% 08.2% 07.4%
Others 00.3% 01.9% 02.2%
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Ref:-CPCB-2012
INTRODUCTION
 A thermal power station is a power plant in which the
prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns
into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an
electrical generator.
 After it passes through the turbine, the steam is
condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was
heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle .

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 MECHANICAL DESIGN
• Boiler.
• Furnace.
• Turbine.
• Super Heater & Re- Heater.
• PA,FD & ID Fan.
• Cooling Tower
FUNCTION HELD IN PLANT
• Coal Flow
• Steam Flow
• Water Flow
• Ash Handeling
FEED WATER SYSTEM

• High Pressure Heaters

• Boiler Feed Pump (BFP)
• Feed Regulating System 5
• Drip & Drain System
 PROCESS
 Coal supply
After haulers drop off the coal, a set of crusher and conveyor
prepare and deliver the coal to the power plant. When the
plant need coal, coal hopper crush coal to a few inches in
size and the conveyor belt bringing the coal inside.
 WAGON TIPPLER:
It is the machine which is used to tip the coal from the wagon.
The coal tipped is directly feed to conveyor belt. Its capacity
is 12 wagon per hour.
 CRUSHER:
It crushes the coal into small pieces.
 COAL MILLS:
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In it small pieces of coal are converted into pulverized
from.
 FURNACE:
It is the chamber in which fuel burns & fire blows.
 BOILER DRUM:

It contains water for boiling.

 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR:

In this we have electrodes which attract fly ash and extract it

from flue gases so that it cannot enter atmosphere.
 CHIMENY:

It is used to release flue gases into the atmosphere.

 TURBINE:

Turbine is the part which revolves due to steam pressure. It is of

three types.
a) High pressure turbine.
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b) Intermediate pressure turbine.
c) Low pressure turbine.
 TURBO GENERATOR:
It is the main machine which produces250 MW electricity .
 CONDENSER:

It condenses steam coming from low pressure turbine (L.P.T.) to hot

water. By removing air and other non-condensable gases from steam
while passing through them.
 COOLING WATER (C.W.) PUMP:

This pump send water from cooling tower to condenser.

 COOLING TOWER:

It is used to cool the water its height is near about 143.5 mtrs. The
hot water is led to the tower top and falls down through the tower and
is broken into small particles while passing over the baffing devices.
Air enters the tower from the bottom and flow upwards. The air
vaporizes a small percentage of water, thereby cooling water falls down
into tank below the tower f9rom where it is pumped to the condenser and
cycle is repeated.
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 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN COAL BASED POWER GENERATION

Air Pollution :-High particulate matter emission levels due to

of burning inferior grade coal which leads to
of large generation
quantity of flyash
matter of Emissions of SO2, NOx & Green house gas (CO2) are also
concern
Water Pollution :- Mainly caused by the effluent discharge from ash
ponds, condenser cooling /cooling tower, DM
plant and Boiler blow
down.
Noise Pollution :- High noise levels due to release of high pressure
steam and running of fans and motors

Land Degradation :- About 100 million tonnes of fly ash is generated by

use of coal far energy production. The disposal of such large
quantity of fly ash has occupied thousands
hectares of land which includes agricultural
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and forest land too.
 POLLUTION LOAD FROM COAL BASED
THERMAL POWER PLANT

Pollutants Emissions (in tones/day)

CO2 424650

Particulate 4374
Matter
SO2 3311

NOx 4966
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Ref:-CPCB
2012
 Status of Pollution Control in Thermal Power
Plants in India
Total number of power plants : 81

Air Pollution
 Power plants complying with : 43
emission standards
 Power plants not complying with 35
emission : standards
 Power plants closed : 03

Water Pollution
 Power plants complying with ash pond : 49
Effluent standards
 Power plants not complying with ash 29
pond : Effluent standards 14
 Power plants closed : 03
Ref:-CPCB
2012
 Activities involved and their Impacts

Change in land use pattern/ Site clearing:-

•Erosion
•Loss of biodiversity
•Loss or change of soil quality and quantity
•Huge diversion and acquisition of land in case of power plant with Captive mining

Civil works:-
•Dust pollution
•Noise pollution

Operational Activities:-
•Air pollution
•Waste generation
•Water consumption
•Emission of mercury
•Greenhouse emission

Local biodiversity
Solid waste management

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 Activities involved and their Impacts
Air pollution from point sources:-
Particulate matter, Gaseous emission- SOx,, NOx,CO, CO2, hydrocarbon etc…

Air pollution from non-point sources:-

Transport of coal, loading/unloading, coal storage, fly-ash handeling

Sources of water pollution:-

Cooling tower blow down, Boiler blow down, Demineralisation (DM), plant effluent, Leachate of
heavy metal (ash pond) contaminate ground water, Effluent from oil handeling and transformer
areas, power house and turbine Area Effluent , Domestic waste water

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REASONS FOR NON-COMPLIANCE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS IN
THERMAL POWER PLANTS
Inconsistent supply of coal
High resistivity of coal
Inefficient operation of ESPs
Delay in supply of ESPs
Low Specific Collection Area (SCA) of
ESPs Inefficient management of ash ponds
Large quantities of ash generation

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For better understanding of EIA

An Indian Case Study

On
Comprehensive EIA
Of
THERMAL POWER
PLANT
at
Raigarh district of
Chattisgarh
by
Jindal Steel and 19

Power Ltd (JSPL)

 Project Proposal
• JSPL is operating a open cast coal mine, along with
Crushing, Screening and Washing plant

• JSPL is now proposing to set up a 2*150 MW thermal power

plant which will use the middling and coal fines generated
during coal washing as Raw material

• The company runs a steel plant in Raigarh and proposes to

transmit the power generated by this thermal power plant to
its steel plant through its own dedicated transmission network

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 Salient features of the project
Location
Village- Dongamahua, 50kms away from Raigarh

The KELO river flows at a distance of around 3.5 kms from this proposed site. There are
many seasonal drains and tributeries of the Kelo, which ultemately merge into the river

Fuel
Coal
Requires 2.47 million tonnes of coal per annum (@ 312tonnes/hr for 330 days)
Middlings and coal fines will be tranported to plant site via road or conveyor belts The
project will also require some light diesel oil (LDO)

Water Requirement
7.46 MCM which will be sourced from ground water collected in the mine sump, and from
bore borewell

Land use
Requires 56 acres (22.7 hectares of land), Flat topography, either agricultural or

wasteland 20
Human habitation
94 inhabited revenue villages
IMPACT ANALYSIS
→ Type biophysical, social, health or
economic

→ Nature direct or indirect, cumulative,

etc.

→ Magnitude or high, moderate, low

severity

→ Extent local, regional, trans-boundary

or global

→ Timing immediate/long term

→ Duration temporary/permanent 21
TOOLS FOR IMPACT ANALYSIS

 checklists
 matrices
 networks
 overlays and geographical information systems
(GIS)
 expert systems
 professional judgement

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IMPACT MITIGATION

 to avoid, minimise or remedy adverse

impacts
 to ensure that residual impacts are within
acceptable levels
 to enhance environmental and social
benefits
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FRAMEWORK FOR IMPACT MITIGATION

Common (desirable)
Alternative sites or
Avoidance technology to
eliminate habitat loss

Actions during
design, construction and
Mitigation operation to
minimise or
eliminate habitat loss

Used as a last resort

Compensation to offset habitat
Rare (undesirable) loss

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 REPORTING

Different name of EIA reports

 Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIA
Report)
 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
 Environmental Statement (ES)
 Environmental Assessment Report (EA Report)
 Environmental Effects Statement (EES)
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 Remediation Measures in Thermal power plant

Air pollution control:-

For boiler stacks ESP/ Bag house
Coal crusher Bag filter
Coal mill Bag filter

SOx control:-
Use of alternative fuel
Low sulphur containing fuel
Lime dosing
High stack

NOx control:-
Ammonia injection
Low NOx burner
Flue gas
recirculation
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 Remediation Measures in Thermal power plant

Fugitive Dust control:-

Covered storage yard for coal
Closed unloading of coal with adequate dust suction device
Closed conveyor belt for transportation of raw

Fly ash management:-

Ash disposal site should be lined to prevent metal contamination
Construction of green barrier all around the ash pond Construction of
piezometric holes
Recycling of ash pond effluents

New technologies practices:-

Water conservation techniques:-

Practices to reduce transportation impact:-

Practices for soil management:-

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 REFRENCES:-

1. CPCB
2. An India case study on Thermal power plants
3. International journal of Environmental Engineering and management
4. www.envfor.nic.in
5. www.harmo.org/confrences
6. www.environmental-experts.com
7. Dr. Amit Jain

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