ANTENNAS

ENGR. PHIL U. LOMBOY

ANTENNA
A structure that is generally a metallic
object, often a wire or group of wires, used
to convert high frequency signals into
electromagnetic waves and vice versa.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
ANTENNA

A device whose function is to radiate

electromagnetic energy and/or
intercept electromagnetic radiation

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 Basic
Consideration:
Maximum
Power
Transfer

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
FIELDS OF
AN
ANTENNA

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
INDUCTION FIELD RADIATION FIELD
TRANSITION
Considered to extend out Considered to extend
from the antenna to a
ZONE out from a distance of
distance of D2/8λ 2D2/λ
Zone between the
two(2) regions
Near Field or Fresnel Far Field or
Region Fraunhoffer Region

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
BASIC FORMULAS λ = c/f

T = 1/f Where: λ – wavelength

F – frequency
Where: T – time
C – velocity in free space
F - frequency

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ANTENNAS

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 RADIATION
PATTERN
A line drawn to join points in
space which have equal field
intensity due to the source.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
Major Lobe – the direction
of maximum radiation
Minor Lobe – the direction
of minimum radiation
Null – the direction with
radiation intensity equal
to zero.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 a. Antenna
FACTORS WHICH height
DETERMINE THE
RADIATION b. Power losses
PATTERN OF AN c. Terminations
ANTENNA at its end

d. Thickness of the antenna wire

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
PRINCIPLE OF The characteristics of antennas, such
RECIPROCITY as impedance and radiation pattern
are identical, regardless of use for
reception or transmission.

ISOTROPIC An antenna that radiates uniformly in

ANTENNA all directions in space

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
DIRECTIVE GAIN The ratio of the power density in a
particular direction of one antenna to
the power density that would be
radiated by an isotropic antenna.

HERTZIAN DIPOLE: HALF WAVE DIPOLE:

1.5 : 1 (1.76 dB) 1.64 : 1 (2.15 dB)

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 The longer the antenna, the higher
the directive gain
Non resonant antennas have
NOTES: higher directive gain than resonant
antennas
The directive gain of all practical
antennas is greater than unity

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
DIRECTIVITY, D

Maximum
directive gain

The gain in the

direction of one of the major lobes in the antenna’s radiation pattern.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
POWER GAIN
Overall gain considering
losses and efficiency

Ap = %D

Where: % - antenna efficiency

D - directivity

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 ANTENNA 1. RADIATION
RESISTANCE RESISTANCE, Rr
The ratio of the AC resistance
applied voltage to The ratio of the power
the flowing current radiated by the antenna
to the square of the
current at the
feedpoint.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
2. LOSS RESISTANCE, Rd

Antenna and Losses in imperfect

ground resistance dielectric very near
the antenna
Discharge or
corona effects Eddy current loss

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

% = Rr / Rr + Rd

The ratio of the power radiated by the antenna

to the power delivered at the feedpoint
The ratio of radiation resistance to the total
system resistance

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
An antenna has a radiation resistance of 72 ohms, a loss
resistance of 8 ohms, and a power gain of 16. What
efficiency and directivity does it have.
a. 90% and 17.78
b. 10% and 17.78
c. 90% and 14.4
d. 10% and 14.4

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
To produce a power density of 1 mw/m2 in a given
direction, at a distance of 2 km, an antenna radiates a total of
180 w. An isotropic antenna would have to radiate 2400 w to
produce the same power density at that distance. What, in
dB, is the directive gain of the practical antenna?
a. 11.25 dB
b. 13.21 dB
c. 10 dB
d. 6 dB

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 EFFECTIVE RADIATED EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC
POWER (ERP) RADIATED POWER (EIRP)

The product of the power fed to The power radiated by an

an antenna and its power gain. antenna in its favored direction,
taking the gain of the antenna
ERP = Total Radiated Power into account as referenced to an
x Power Gain isotropic radiator

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 FRONT TO BACK
RATIO
BANDWIDTH
Ratio of the power at
The operating the optimum direction
frequency range of the antenna to that
of an antenna of the power 180
degrees from the
optimum direction

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
BEAMWIDTH

The degree of
concentration of the
antenna’s radiation

Angular separation between two half power points in a major lobe

of an antenna radiation pattern

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 POLARIZATION

Space orientation of the

waves that the antenna
radiates

The electric field vector

is always parallel to the
antenna elements.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 PHYSICAL LENGTH ELECTRICAL LENGTH
Actual length of the antenna Dependent upon the velocity
coefficient or velocity factor
L =λ/2; λ= c/f
L=kλ
λ/2 is the shortest length of a
conductor which will
where k is the dielectric constant
resonate at a given frequency

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
Ex. What is the wavelength of a 500 MHz signal?
a. 60 cm
b. 6 m
c. 0.06 m
d. 60 m

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
Ex. What is the electrical length of an antenna operating at a
frequency of 500 kHz?
a. 500 m
b. 570 m
c. 600 m
d. 630 m

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
GROUNDING SYSTEMS

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 EFFECTS OF GROUND ON
ANTENNAS

Whereas an ungrounded antenna

with its image forms an antenna
array, the bottom of the grounded
antenna is joined to the top of the
image; the system acts as an antenna
of double size.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 EFFECTS OF GROUND ON
ANTENNAS

Whereas an ungrounded antenna with its

image forms an antenna array, the bottom of
the grounded antenna is joined to the top of
the image; the system acts as an antenna of
double size.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
GROUND SCREEN

A network of buried wires directly

under the antenna, consisting of a
large number of radials extending
from the base of the tower, like spokes
on a wheel, and placed 15 and 30 cm
below the ground.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
COUNTERPOISE

A substitute for ground screen in

areas of low conductivity, i.e. rock,
mountains and antennas on top of
buildings

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
ANTENNA HEIGHT

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
ANTENNA HEIGHT

The actual antenna height should at

least be λ/4, but where this is not
possible, the effective height should
correspond to λ/4.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 TOP A good method of increasing radiation
LOADING resistance by having a horizontal
portion at the top of the antenna

Effect: to increase the current at the

base of the antenna and to make the
current distribution more uniform

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
EFFECTIVE Antennas behave as though
LENGTH (electrically) they were longer than
their physical length

END The result of physical antennas having

EFFECT finite thickness, instead of being
infinitely thin.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
ANTENNA COUPLING AND
IMPEDANCE MATCHING

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
ANTENNA A network composed of reactances and transformers,
COUPLING which may be lumped or distributed, to provide
impedance matching

REASONS To tune out the reactive component of the antenna

impedance
FOR
COUPLING To provide the transmitter with the correct value of load
resistance
To prevent illegal radiation of spurious frequencies

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 ANTENNA COUPLERS

Direct Coupler The antennas are coupled directly to their

transmitters

 Coupler Affords a wider reactance range, giving

adequate harmonic suppression
Symmetrical 
Coupler Used for balanced lines

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
IMPEDANCE MATCHING

Stub Matching
Accomplished by connecting the coax
or twin lead to the stub and sliding the
connections up or down the stub until
the proper SWR is indicated by a
meter connected in the system.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
IMPEDANCE MATCHING

Delta Matching

Accomplished by spreading the

ends of the feedline and adjusting
the spacing until optimum
performance is reached.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
IMPEDANCE MATCHING

Gamma Matching

A sliding clamp is included in

the assembly to permit fine
tuning for minimum SWR at the
time of installation

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
IMPEDANCE MATCHING

Quarter A section of transmission

Wave line one quarter wavelength
Matching long placed between the
load and the line

BALUN Used to connect an unbalanced

(coaxial line) to a balanced antenna

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 CURRENT FED (LOW Z FEED)
An antenna is said to be current fed if it
is fed at the point of current maximum
Includes all feed point impedances below
600 ohms

Ex. Center fed half wave dipole or

Marconi antenna

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
VOLTAGE FED (HIGH Z FEED)

An antenna is said to be voltage fed if it is

fed at the point of voltage maximum
Includes all feed point impedances in
excess of 600 ohms

Ex. Center fed full wave dipole

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
1. Device that converts high frequency current into
electromagnetic waves.
a. antenna
b. loudspeaker
c. microphone
d. lightning arrester

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
2. A polar diagram or graph representing field strengths
or power densities at various angular positions relative
to an antenna.
a. Venn Diagram
b. Figure 8 pattern
c. Lissajous figure
d. Radiation Pattern

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
3. Refers to the orientation of the electric field radiated
from an antenna.
a. radiation
b. polarization
c. beamwidth
d. bandwidth

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
4. Pertains to a wire structure placed below the antenna
and erected above the ground which is a form of
capacitive grounding system.
a. image
b. counterpoise
c. antenna orientation
d. polarization

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
5. What is the technique used to electrically increase the
antenna length?
a. loading
b. using image antenna
c. using antenna arrays
d. increasing antenna height

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
6. Antenna supported by insulators seems electrically
longer than its physical length due to
a. image
b. reflection
c. end effect
d. broadside effect

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
7. The ratio of the power radiated by the antenna to the
total input power.
a. power gain
b. directive gain
c. antenna efficiency
d. radiation efficiency

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
8. The ratio of the front lobe power to the back lobe
power
a. front to side ratio
b. front to back ratio
c. back to front ratio
d. minor to major ratio

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
9. The standard reference antenna for directive gain
a. infinitesimal dipole
b. isotropic antenna
c. elementary doublet
d. half wave dipole

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
10. The gain of a hertzian dipole with respect to an
isotropic antenna
a. 1.76 dB
b. 2.15 dB
c. 1.5 dB
d. 1.64 dB

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
11. A half wave dipole antenna is capable of radiating 2000
watts and has a 2.15 dB gain over an isotropic antenna. How
much power must be delivered to the isotropic antenna to
match the field strength of the directional antenna?
a. 1640 watts
b. 3280 watts
c. 4300 watts
d. 3520 watts

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
12. An ungrounded antenna near the ground
a. acts as a single antenna of twice the height
b. is unlikely to need a ground screen
c. acts as an antenna array
d. must be horizontally polarized

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
13. Top loading is sometimes used with an antenna in
order to increase its
a. effective height
b. bandwidth
c. beamwidth
d. input capacitance

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
14. Very low signal strength in an
antenna
a. minor lobes
b. nulls
c. antenna patterns
d. major lobes

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
15. A horizontal antenna is ______ polarized.
a. vertically
b. horizontally
c. centrally
d. circularly

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
16. An antenna with unity gain.
a. rhombic
b. half wave dipole
c. isotropic
d. whip

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
17. What is the front to back ratio of an antenna which
radiates 500 watts in a northernly direction and 50
watts in a southernly direction?
a. 25000 dB
b. 10 dB
c. 100 dB
d. 20 dB

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
18. Good grounding is important for
a. Horizontal antennas
b. Broadside array
c. Vertical antennas
d. Yagi Uda Antennas

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
19. If the radiated power increases 10.89 times, the
antenna current increases by
a. 3.3 times
b. 6.6 times
c. 1.82 times
d. 10.89 times

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
20. Shortening effect of an antenna that makes it
appear as if it were 5% longer
a. end effect
b. flywheel effect
c. skin effect
d. capture effect

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
21. If an antenna is too short for the wavelength being
used, the effective length can be increased by adding
a. capacitance in series
b. inductance in series
c. resistance in parallel
d. resistance in series

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
22. Actual height of an antenna should be at least
a. 1λ
b. λ/2
c. λ/4
d. ¾ λ

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
23. The directivity pattern of an isotropic radiator
a. figure 8
b. a sphere
c. unidirectional cardioid
d. parabola

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
24. A Hertz antenna is operating on a frequency of 2182 kHz
and consists of a horizontal wire that is hanged between two
towers. What is the frequency of its third harmonic?
a. 727 kHz
b. 6546 kHz
c. 436 kHz
d. 6.546 kHz

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
25. What is the gain of an antenna over a half wavelength
dipole when it has 6 dB gain over an isotropic radiator?
a. 6 dB
b. 8.1 dB
c. 3.9 dB
d. 10 d

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
BASIC TYPES OF
ANTENNAS

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 ISOTROPIC ANTENNA ELEMENTARY DOUBLET
a standard reference antenna , A theoretical antenna shorter than a
radiating equally in all directions, wavelength used as a standard to
so that the radiation pattern is which all other antenna
spherical. characteristics can be compared

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
  = 60 le I sin θ / λr
Where θ – angle of axis and point of maximum radiation
 – antenna length Le – antenna length

I – antenna current
r – antenna length

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
Ex. An elementary doublet is 10 cm long. If the 10 MHz
current flowing through it is 2 A, what is the field strength 20
km away from the doublet in a direction of maximum
radiation?
a. 6.28 uV/m
b. 62.83 uV/m
c. 15.92 uV/m
d. 1.59 uV/m

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
DIPOLE

An antenna made up of
two wires bent at 90
degrees to each other so as
to be in the same line and
signal is fed at the center

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
HALF WAVE DIPOLE

Length is λ/2 and

radiation pattern is a
toroid (bidirectional)

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
NON-RESONANT ANTENNA

One in which there are no standing waves

Radiation pattern is directional

Standing waves are suppressed by the use of

a correct termination to ensure that no power
is reflected, so that only a forward traveling
wave will exist.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 LONG WIRE ANTENNA

Lengths in the order of several wavelengths

When an antenna is 2 or more wavelengths

long, it provides gain and a multilobe radiation
pattern.
When terminated at one end, it becomes
unidirectional.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
RHOMBIC ANTENNA
Consists of non-resonant antenna elements arranged
differently, i.e. planar rhombus
Length of equal radiators = 2 to 8 ‘s
Angle of tilt: 40 to 75˚
Rt = 800 ohms
Rin = 650 to 700 ohms

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
RHOMBIC ANTENNA

Non-resonant antenna used for long

distance sky wave transmission or
reception of horizontally polarized
waves over distances from 200 to over
3000 miles at frequencies from 4 to 22
MHz.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 RESONANT ANTENNA

Standing waves exist, caused by the

presence of both a reflected traveling
wave and the forward wave.

Antenna whose length is a multiple of

λ/4’s

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
HERTZ ANTENNA

An antenna system in which the

ground is not an essential part

Half wave antenna used for

frequencies above 2 MHz

Half Wave Dipole

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 MARCONI ANTENNA
Grounded Quarter
Wavelength antenna
Quarter Wavelength antenna
used for frequencies below 2
MHz; omnidirectional
Vertical Monopole

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
ANTENNA ARRAYS

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
ANTENNA ARRAY
A radiating system
consisting of individual
radiators or elements
placed close together so
as to be within each
other’s induction field

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
DRIVEN ELEMENT PARASITIC ELEMENT

Element of an array Radiation not directly

connected to the output connected to the output of the
of the transmitter transmitter

Receives energy through the

induction field of a driven
element

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 REFLECTOR DIRECTOR

A parasitic element A parasitic element

longer than the driven shorter than the driven
element and close to it one from which it
reduces signal strength receives energy; tends to
in its own direction and increase radiation in its
increases it in the own direction
opposite direction.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
BROADSIDE ARRAY

Simplest array which consists of a number of dipoles

of equal size, equally spaced along a straight line with
all dipoles fed in the same phase from the same source.
Typical antenna length: 2 to 10 ‘s
Typical spacing: λ/2 or λ/4
Number of elements: dozens

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
ENDFIRE ARRAY

Physical arrangement is the same as

that of the broadside array

The magnitude of the current in each

element is still the same as in every
other element, there is now a phase
difference between these currents.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
TURNSTILE ARRAY

Consists of two
horizontal, half wave
antennas mounted at
right angles to each
other

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 YAGI UDA ANTENNA
An array consisting of a driven element and one
or more parasitic elements arranged collinearly
and close together.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
FOLDED DIPOLE

Single antenna which

consists of 2 elements,
one is fed directly and
the other coupled
conductively at the
ends.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
LOG PERIODIC ANTENNA

Main feature is frequency independence

for both radiation resistance and pattern

Bandwidths of 10:1 are

achievable with ease

Radiation patterns: uni and bidirectional

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
LOG PERIODIC ANTENNA

Main feature is frequency

independence for both
radiation resistance and
pattern

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
PYRAMIDAL ANTENNA
It looks and works in much the same
way as a standard log periodic
antenna, with one big difference:  the
two halves of the transmission line are
separated and positioned as a V, so
each half of the transmission line is in
effect a single wire transmission line. 
a type of log periodic antenna

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
UHF AND MICROWAVE
ANTENNAS

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 PARABOLIC ANTENNA

Works on the principle of a parabola

Parabola – a plane curve defined as the
locus of a point which moves so that its
distance from another point (called the
focus) plus its distance from a straight
line (directrix) is constant.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 PARABOLIC ANTENNA
All waves coming from the
source and reflected by the
parabola will travel in the same
distance by the time they reach
the directrix, no matter from
what point on the parabola they
are reflected.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 CASSEGRAIN ANTENNA

an antenna in which the radiator is

mounted at or near the surface of a
concave main reflector and is aimed at a
convex secondary reflector slightly inside
the focus of the main reflector.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
BEAMWIDTH Where:
D= mouth diameter, meters
Ф = 70λ / D Ф0 = beamwidth between nulls, degrees

Ф0 = 2 Ф Ф = beamwidth between half power

points, degrees
λ = wavelength, meters

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
GAIN OF A PARABOLIC ANTENNA

Ap = 6 ( D/λ)2
Where:
D= mouth diameter, meters
Ap = Power Gain
λ = wavelength, meters

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
Ex. Calculate the beamwidth between nulls of a 1m
paraboloid reflector used at 6GHz.
a. 3.5˚
b. 7˚
c. 1.75˚
d. 14˚

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
Ex. Calculate the gain of the paraboloid reflector in
the previous problem.
a. 9600
b. 2400
c. 1600
d. 2800

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
HORN ANTENNA

Ideal as primary feed antenna for

parabolic reflectors and lenses

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
LENS ANTENNA
Used as a collimator of frequencies in
excess of 3 GHz

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 HELICAL ANTENNA
Broadband VHF and UHF antenna which
is used when it is desired to provide
circular polarization characteristics
Consists of a loosely wound helix,
backed up by a ground plane, which is
simply a screen made of chicken wire

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
DISCONE ANTENNA
A combination of a disk and a cone in
close proximity
Characterized by an enormous
bandwidth for both input impedance and
radiation pattern
A constant angle, low gain antenna;
omnidirectional

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 LOOP ANTENNA

Used for direction finding,

because they do not radiate in a
direction at right angles to the
plane of the loop.

For portable domestic receivers Circular or square shaped

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 PHASED ARRAY
Group of antennas,
connected to one
transmitter or receiver,
whose radiation beam can
be adjusted electronically
without physically moving
parts; used in radars.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 WHIP ANTENNA

the most common example of a monopole

antenna, an antenna with a single driven
element and a ground plane.

The whip antenna is a stiff but flexible wire

mounted, usually vertically, with one end
adjacent to a ground plane.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 SLOT ANTENNA
consists of a metal surface, usually a
flat plate, with a hole or slot cut out.
When the plate is driven as an
antenna by a driving frequency, the
slot radiates electromagnetic waves in
similar way to a dipole antenna.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
NOTCH ANTENNA

An open ended slot antenna

Since the currents are zero at
the middle of the slot, we may
cut the ground plane here to
make a notch antenna.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
ANTENNA SUPPORT
STRUCTURES

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES

POLE

Used to signify one piece of

structure similar to the
common telephone pole

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
MAST TOWER
Used to designate a Applied to a very
structure made of large, high
metal or wood which structure, which
may be either in a form in most cases, is
of a one piece or constructed of
sectionalized structure metal

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
1. A non-resonant antenna that is capable of operating
satisfactorily over a relatively wide bandwidth, making it
ideally suited for HF transmission.
a. end-fire array
b. rhombic
c. broadside array
d. log periodic

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
2. Antenna that is independent of their radiation
resistance and radiation pattern to frequency. It has
bandwidth ratios of 10:1 or greater.
a. loop antenna
b. helical
c. Yagi Uda antenna
d. Log periodic antenna

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
3. A half wave antenna
a. Hertz
b. Marconi
c. Parabolic
d. Vertical Monopole

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
4. Antenna which is used very frequently but almost entirely
as a reception antenna and is usually found at the back of
table radios.
a. loop antenna
b. folded antenna
c. rhombic
d. log periodic

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
5. One of the special purpose antennas which has broadband
VHF and UHF that is ideally suited for applications for
which radiating circular rather than horizontal or vertical
polarized electromagnetic waves are required.
a. loop antenna
b. phased array
c. folded dipole
d. helical

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
6. What are the two types of antenna elements?
a. driven and reflector
b. director and reflector
c. parasitic and director
d. driven and parasitic

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
7. Which one of the following terms does not apply to the
Yagi Uda array?
a. good bandwidth
b. parasitic elements
c. folded dipole
d. high gain

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
8. Indicate the antenna that is not wideband.
a. discone
b. folded dipole
c. helical
d. Marconi

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
9. One of the following is not an omnidirectional antenna
a. halfwave dipole
b. log periodic antenna
c. discone
d. Marconi

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
10. One of the following consists of nonresonant antennas
a. rhombic
b. folded dipole
c. end fire array
d. broadside array

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
11. Which of the following is best excited from
a waveguide?
a. biconical
b. horn
c. helical
d. discone

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
12. An antenna that is circularly polarized
a. parabolic reflector
b. Yagi Uda
c. Helical
d. Circular loop

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
13. What is the polarization of a discone antenna?
a. vertical
b. horizontal
c. circular
d. spiral

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
14. When speaking of antennas, ____ is a section which
would be a complete antenna by itself.
a. image
b. top loading
c. bay
d. quarterwave

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
15. ______ is an antenna with a number of half wave
antennas in it.
a. antenna array
b. tower
c. omnidirectional
d. rhombic

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
16. Which antenna radiates an omnidirectional pattern
in the horizontal plane with vertical polarization?
a. Marconi
b. Discone
c. Horn
d. Helical

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
17. An antenna with very high gain and very narrow
beamwidth.
a. helical
b. discone
c. horn
d. parabolic dish

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
18. An open ended slot antenna
a. helical
b. rhombic
c. notch
d. cassegrain

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
19. Which antenna is properly terminated?
a. Marconi
b. Rhombic
c. Dipole
d. Yagi Uda

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
20. What is the radiation characteristic of a dipole
antenna?
a. omnidirectional
b. bidirectional
c. unidirectional
d. hemispherical

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
21. An antenna which is one tenth wavelength long.
a. hertz antenna
b. loop antenna
c. Marconi antenna
d. Elementary doublet

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
22. What is the minimum number of turns a helical
antenna must have?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
23. An antenna made up of a number of full wavelengths
a. elementary doublet
b. log periodic
c. long wire
d. whip

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
24. Which of the following improves antenna
directivity?
a. driven element
b. reflector
c. director
d. parasitic element

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
25. The frequency of operation of a dipole antenna cut
to a length of 3.4 m
a. 88 MHz
b. 44 MHz
c. 22 MHz
d. 11 MHz

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
26. Where are the voltage nodes in a half wave antenna?
a. at the ends
b. three quarters of the way from the feedpoint towards
the end
c. one half of the way from the feedpoint towards the end
d. at the feedpoint

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
27. A simple half wavelength antenna radiates the
strongest signal
a. at 45 degrees to its axis
b. parallel to its axis
c. at right angles to its axis
d. at 60 degrees to its axis

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
28. An antenna array which is highly directional at
right angles to the plane of the array
a. Broadside
b. End fire
c. Turnstile
d. Log periodic

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
29. What is the usual electrical length of a driven
element in an HF beam antenna?
a. λ/4
b. λ/2
c. 3/4 λ
d. 1 λ

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
30. The input terminal impedance at the center of a
folded dipole antenna
a. 72 Ω
b. 300 Ω
c. 50 Ω
d. 73 Ω

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
31. The length of a Marconi antenna to operate with
985 kHz is
a. 200 ft
b. 500 ft
c. 250 ft
d. 999 ft

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
32. The purpose of stacking elements on an antenna
a. sharper directional pattern
b. increased gain
c. improved bandpass
d. all of these

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
33. Which of the following antennas is used for testing and
adjusting a transmitter for proper modulation, amplifier
operation and frequency accuracy?
a. elementary doublet
b. real
c. isotropic
d. dummy

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.
 Phil Lomboy po,
PROUD TO BE KAPUSO.