G R A D E 11 S T.
J O H N B O S C O
Genetic
Information
and Protein
Synthesis
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Topics for discussion
Core Concepts
DNA
DNA Structure
Four Bases of DNA
Gene expression: Transcription and
Translation
Processing the proteins
earth and life science
What is Gene?
The basic physical and functional unit
of heredity is the gene. DNA is the
material that makes up genes. Some
genes serve as blueprints for the
production of proteins. A short
segment of DNA that contains coding
for proteins. Genes carry traits
through generations.
How Genes Work?
Earth and life Science
Offspring carry traits from their parents. However, not
all of the parents' traits appear in the offspring. The
individual's genes determine which traits will appear.
Traits are determined by genes and that genes are
passed from one generation to the next. Genes are
located in chromosomes, which are the structures in the
nucleus of most cells. Genes control most of your traits
because your DNA directs the cell to make proteins that
determine the characteristics of a cell.
The Flow of Genetic Information
Every new cell that develops in your body needs an exact copy of the DNA from its
parent cell. Humans and all other organisms must be able to transfer copies of their DNA
onto the offspring in order to continue their species. This is done with the help of a
copier enzyme. Messenger RNA or mRNA takes genetic information from sections of
the DNA from the nucleus out into the cytoplasm. The DNA never leaves the nucleus.
instead, "blueprint" copies of particular genes within the DNA instructions are sent out
into the cytoplasm to direct the assembly of proteins.
Earth and life Science
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ( DNA)
is the molecule that contains the genetic information of organisms. It is
found in each cell in the organism and can tell cells what proteins to
make. It can be called a double helix hence; the structure consists of
two strands that wind around each other like a twisted ladder. Each
strand will have a backbone made of alternating groups of sugar
(deoxyribose) and phosphate groups attached to each sugar is one of
four bases.
During replication, the DNA is split in half to
create a copy
These are the following adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine
(G), or thymine (T). The two strands are held together by
bonds between the two bases, adenine forming a base pair
with thymine, cytosine forming a base pair with guanine.
THE DNA STRUCTURE
Is the formation of proteins
using the information coded on
DNA and carried out by RNA.
What is the each protein molecule is made
up of one or more polymers,
Protein called polypeptides, consisiting
of a specific sequence of amino
Synthesis? acids linked together by peptide
bonds.
Earth and life Science
Is the process of all cells to use to
make proteins, which are
responsible for all cell structure
and function
There are two
FIRST STAGE: TRANSCRIPTION
stages in gene
expression
namely:
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SECOND STAGE: TRANSLATION
In transcription, formation encoded from DNA
gene in the nucleus will be transmitted
messenger RNA, or mRNA. The mRNA carries
the code or the DNA copy for building a
specific protein from the nucleus to the
ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
THE PROCESS OF TRANSCRIPTION
Transcription takes place in the nucleus: as mentioned by (Beckett B.S,2000), the
gene coding for the protein is required to untwists then unzips, the Hydrogen or the
H-bonds between the strands break free RNA nucleotides that will form
complementary base pairs with one strand of DNA bases.
During transcription, an mRNA molecule is synthesized from the gene within the
DNA. Each gene is copied from a fixed starting position called promoter site. Here, an
enzyme called RNA polynmerase binds to one strand of the DNA double helix and
moves along the DNA strand.
THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION
The process of assembling protein molecules from information encoded in mRNA is
called translation. After transcription, the mRNA strand leaves the cell's nucleus and
travels into the cytoplasm. Amino acids floating freely in the cytoplasm are
transported to the ribosomes by tRNA.
Translation takes place in the ribosomes of the cytoplasm, or found on the rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): The ribosomes are the sites were proteins are
synthesize the mRNA strand attaches to a ribosome which is known as tRNA
molecules transport specific amino acids to the ribosome each of the, these are the
mRNA codon codes for a specific amino acid the anti-codons and codons match up
and form complementary base pairs peptide bonds form between the adjacent amino
acids to form the polypeptide (protein).
Earth and life Science
figure 1
Figure 2
PROCESSING THE PROTEINS
Processing of proteins is initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum and continues in the Golgi
apparatus. Processing of proteins begins with interaction of the newly mode peptide with
chaparone proteins in the lumen of the ER.
Earth and life Science
The Reporters
Jason Balmas
Sam Angelo Dela Cruz
Rallyn Corsiga
Elijah Gayle Irene
Ejay franco
Hazel Grace lo-ar
Karyl Jayne Alim
Sarah Mae Celosa
THE GENETICISTS - GROUP 3
