Studying about the resistivity of
wires of different metals using
OHM’S LAW.
NAME- HARSH VARDHAN SINGH
CLASS- 12TH B
ROLL NO.
SCHOOL- CARMEL SCHOOL
index
s. No. points Slide number
1 Introduction 3
2 Experimental procedure 4
3 observation 5
4 Calculations and result 6
5 Conclusion 7
Introduction
Ohm’s law states that the current I in a resistor is proportional to the potential difference V across it,
provided that the temperature of the object is constant. introducing the constant of proportionality,
the resisitence, one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship.
i=v/r
RESITANCE
The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is the opposite to the passage of an electric current
through that conductor. The inverse quantity is electrical conductance, the ease with which an electric
current passes.
An object of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional to its resistivity and length and
inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. All materials show some resistance, except for
superconductors, which have a resistance of zero.
RESISTIVITY
Electrical resistance of a conductor of unit cross- sectional area and unit length. A characteristic
property of each material, resistivity is useful in comparing various materials on the basis of their
ability to conduct electric currents.
R=l/A
AIM: to find the resistivity of wires of different metals using OHM’S LAW.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
APPARATUS:
5 wires of different metals and respective lenghts.
A battery eliminator
d.c. Ammeter(range about 500mA)
d.c. Voltmeter (range 3V)
A rheostat
One plug key
Thick connecting wires
Sand paper...
PROCEDURE
1. Arrange the various components of the circuit accordingly with plug out of one way key .
2. Rub the ends of the connecting wires with a sand paper to remove any oxidized insulating coating. Study the circuit
carefully and make tight connections accordingly using thick connecting wires.
3. Ensure that the ammeter is connected in series with the resistance wire with its positive terminal towards the positive
of the battery. Also ensure that the voltmeter is connected in parallel to resistance coil R in such manner that the
current enters at its positive end.
4. Connect rheostat such that one of its lower terminals and the upper terminals are used.
Insert the plug in key k.
5. Adjust the rheostat so that small current flows through the circuit. Record the readings of the ammeter and the voltmeter.
Observation
6. shift the rheostat contact to the current and take the reading again.
7. cut the resistance wire at the ends just coming out of voltmeter. Stretch it along the meter scale and
measure its length l.
8. record your observation.
OBSERVATION TABLE
IRON WIRE
current Voltage Resistence
150mA 0.20V 1.3Ω
200mA 0.25V 1.001Ω
300mA 0.30V 1Ω
ALUMINIUM WIRE
CURRENT VOLTAGE RESISTANCE
200mA 0.10V 0.5Ω
300mA 0.20V 0.66Ω
400mA 0.30V 0.75Ω
CALCU
LATIONS AND RESULT
calculations result
The resistivity of wires are:
FOR IRON WIRE
1. for iron wire- 10.5 x 10^-8 Ωm
Length of wire= 21cm
Thickness=0.54x10^-2m
2. for aluminium wire- 2.7 x 10^-8
Area= 0.22 x 10^-6m2 Ωm
Mean resistance= (1.3+1.001+1)/3= 1.1Ω PRECAUTIONS
resistivity= RA/L= 10.5 X 10^-8 Ωm Connections should be tight
FOR ALUMINIUM WIRE: Short circuit should be avoided.
Length of wire= 68cm
The plug should be inserted only
Thickness= 0.66 x 10^-2m
Area= 0.28 x 10^-6m2
while taking observation otherwise
Mean resistance=
current would cause unnecessary
(0.5+0.66+0.75)/3=0.63Ω heating in this current.
Resistivity= RA/L= 2.7 x 10^-8 Ωm
Conclusion
OHM’S LAW, IN THE FORM ABOVE, IS AN EXTREMELY USEFUL EQUATION IN
THE FIELD OF ELECTRICAL/ ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING BECAUSE IT
DESCRIBES HOW VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND RESISTANCE ARE INTERRELATED ON
A “MICROSCOPIC” LEVEL, THAT IS COMMONLY, AS CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN AN
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT. PHYSICIST WHO STUDY THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
OF MATTER AT THE MICROSCOPIC LEVEL USE A CLOSELY RELATED AND MORE
GENERAL VECTOR EQUATION, SOMETIMES ALSO REFERRED TO AS OHM’S LAW,
HAVING VARIABLES THAT ARE CLOSELY RELATED TO THE V, I , AND R SCALAR
VARIABLES OF OHM’S LAW, BUT WHICH ARE EACH FUNCTIONS OF POSITION
WITHING THE CONDUCTOR. PHYSICISTS OFTEN USE THIS CONTINUUM FORM OF
Ω OHM’S LAW-
E= PJ
W H E R E “ E ” I S T H E E L E C T R I C F I E L D V E C T O R W I T H U N I T S O F V O LT / M E T E R , “ J ” I S
THE CURRENT DENSITY VECTOR WITH UNITS OF AMPERES/UNIT AREA, AND “P” IS
THE RESISTIVITY WITH UNITS OF Ω-M. THE ABOVE EQ. IS SOMETIMES WRITTEN
AS J= OE WHERE “O” IS THE CONDUCTIVITY WHICH IS RECIPROCAL OF “P”.
