BASIC CONCEPT

OF
POLITICAL SCIENCE
What is Political Science?
It is the study of politics and power from domestic, international,
and comparative perspectives. It entails
understanding political ideas, ideologies, institutions, policies,
processes, and behavior, as well as groups, classes, government,
diplomacy, law, strategy, and war.
Why is Political Science
important?
It is to deepen knowledge and understanding of one of the most powerful
forces operating on people, communities and corporations today, namely
government and politics around the world. This knowledge and
understanding is valuable for all citizens.
What are the three branches of
Political Science?
Political Theory
Public Law
Public Administration
What is Political Theory?
It is a theory having to do with the political
relationships among men specifically one concerned
with the organization and basis of government
What is Public Law?
It is a branch of law concerned with regulating the
relations of individuals with the government and the
organization and conduct of the government itself—
compare PRIVATE LAW.
What is Public Administration?
It is a branch of political science dealing primarily
with the structure and workings of agencies charged
with the administration of governmental functions.
What are the four fields of Political
Science?
American Politics
Comparative Politics
Political Economy
Political Philosophy
What is American Politics?
 It is a field of study within the academic discipline
of political science. Research areas within the American
political behavior sub-field include voting behavior, public
opinion, partisanship, and the politics of race, gender, and
ethnicity.
What is Comparative Politics?
 It covers the study of political experience within
more than one nation-state for the purpose of
making systematic comparisons
What is Political Economy?
 It is a social science that studies production, trade, and their relationship
with the law and the government. In simple terms, political
economy refers to the advice given by economists to the government on
either general economic policies or on certain specific proposals created
by politicians.
What is Political Philosophy?
It is also known as political theory, is the study of topics such
as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the
enforcement of laws by authority: what they are, if
they are needed, what makes a government legitimate, what
rights and freedoms it should protect, what form it should take.
What is Power?
• It is the ability of one person or group to control the actions of
another person.
• It is the ability to get things done, to make others do what you want,
even if they do not want to do it.
• A person is said to have power to the extent that he influence the
behavior of others in accordance with his own intentions.
Types of Power
• Political power
• Economic power
• Military power
• Religious power
Political Power
It is the ability to control the behavior of people
and/or influence the outcome of
events. It enables people or groups to control the
policies, functions, and culture of society.
Economic Power
 It is the ability of countries, businesses, or individuals to
improve their standard of living. It increases their freedom
to make decisions that benefit themselves alone and
reduces the ability of any outside force to reduce their
freedom. 
Military Power
 May refer to: The armed forces of a nation (in a
narrow sense) or in the wider sense,
the capabilities of a group such as a fire team,
squad, etc.
Religious Power
 The theory of political religion concerns governmental
ideologies whose cultural and political backing is so strong
that they are said to attain power equivalent to those of a
state religion, with which they often exhibit significant
similarities in both theory and practice.
How power is exercised
• Persuasion
• Offer of rewards
• Granting of rewards
• Threat of punishment
• Infliction of non-violent punishment
• Command from a person in authority
• The use of force
• Domination
• Manipulation
What is Authority?
• Authority is the legitimate exercise or lawful exercise of political power.
• Authority is associated with a hierarchy of human relationships, which enables
those higher to command those lower in the hierarchy, and which compels
those lower in the hierarchy to obey the command of those higher up the
hierarchy.
• Authority is vested in a person because of his role, position and his office within
the organization or society.
Types of Political Authority?
• Traditional authority
• Rational-legal authority
• Charismatic authority
Traditional Authority
It is a form of leadership in which the authority of an
organization or a ruling regime is largely tied to
tradition or custom. The main reason for the given
state of affairs is that it 'has always been that way.
Rational-legal Authority
It is a form of leadership in which
the authority of an organization or a ruling
regime is largely tied to legal
rationality, legal legitimacy and bureaucracy.
Charismatic Authority
Max Weber defined charismatic authority as “resting on
devotion to the exceptional sanctity, heroism or exemplary
character of an individual person, and of the normative
patterns or order revealed or ordained by him.”
Difference between Power and
Authority
Power
• Control that allows influence on others
• Comes from who you are – resides in the person who use it
• Flexible and dynamic
• Cannot be accurately illustrated – flows in many direction
• Diffuse
Authority
• Control delegated to an individual or group
• Is a right or privilege granted to you – resides in the post or
position
• Technical and static
• Illustrated in organizational charts – flows downwards
• Positional
Concept of Influence
• Influence is the ability to affect decisions through persuasion.
• Influence has the same relational attributes as power.
• However, the exercise of power depends upon potential use
of sanctions, while influence depends largely on persuasion. 
OVERVIEW OF
STATE AS A
NATION
What is a Nation and a State?
Nation
• It is cultural identity that is shared by the people.
State
• It is the governing administration.
Nation State
• It is a system of organization defined by geography, politics, and culture.
 A nation state must have a shared national identity, physical borders, and a
single government.
Four Characteristics of Nation State
Population
• Must have people; number does not matter
Territory
• Must have clearly defined and recognized borders
Government
• Issues and enforces rules for the people living within its territory; government
must be recognized from within and by other nation states in the international
community
Sovereignty
• Must have supreme power to act within its territory and to control its external
affairs
What is Government?
It is made up of the formal institutions and processes
through which decisions are made for a group of
people.
What are the three components of
Government?
People
• Elected officials & public servants who carry out government business
Power
• Legislative to make laws; Executive to carry out laws; Judicial to interpret laws
Policy
• Decision made by government in pursuit of a goal; can be a law, a government program, or a
set of government actions
What is Political Culture?
It is defined by the International Encyclopedia of the Social
Sciences as the "set of attitudes, beliefs and sentiments that give
order and meaning to a political process and which provide the
underlying assumptions and rules that govern behavior in
the political system".
Three types of Political Culture
Parochial
• people who don’t care about politics

Participant
•  people are active citizens and closely watch politics

Subject
• people who are passive
Political Culture in the process:
Parochial Political Culture
•  like Mexico, citizens are mostly uninformed and unaware of their government and take little
interest in the political process.

Participant Political Culture

•  like the United Kingdom and the United States, citizens are informed and actively participate
in the political process.

Subject Political Culture

• such as those found in Germany and Italy, citizens are somewhat informed and aware of their
government and occasionally participate in the political process.
Agents/Factors that affects political view:
• Family
• School
• Government
• Peers
• Media
• Religion
• Ethnic background
Theory of Political Culture
Formative Events Theory
• (Seymour Martin Lipset): countries have political cultures that reflect the major events at the
time of their founding

Fragment Theory
• (Louis Hartz): colonized societies such as Canada originated as “fragments” of European
societies and have remained marked throughout their history by the conditions of their origin

Post-materialism Theory
• (Ronald Inglehart): a person’s values are determined by the socio-economic conditions in
which they spend their formative years
What is Political Socialization?
It is a "study of the developmental processes by which
people of all ages and adolescents
acquire political cognition, attitudes, and behaviors."
What is Political Participation?
It includes a broad range of activities through which
people develop and express their opinions on the world
and how it is governed, and try to take part in and shape
the decisions that affect their lives.
Types of Political Participation?
Conventional
• It includes voting, letter writing, contact with representative, campaign, joining
groups

Unconventional
• It includes boycott, demonstration, industrial strike
What is Citizenship?
Citizenship refers to the status enjoyed by nationals
of a country.
A citizen is entitled to enjoy all civil and political
rights.
Two primary sources of Citizenship:
Birthright Citizenship
•  in which a person is presumed to be a citizen if he or she was born within the
territorial limits of the United States, or—providing certain other requirements
are met—born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent.

Naturalization
•  a process in which an eligible legal immigrant applies for citizenship and is
accepted.
Rule of Law
The restriction of the arbitrary exercise of power
by subordinating it to well-defined and
established laws.
Basic tenets of Rule of Law
The Supremacy of the Law
• a fundamental concept in the western democratic order. The rule of law requires both citizens
and governments to be subject to known and standing laws. The supremacy of law also
requires generality in the law. This principle is a further development of the principle of
equality before the law.
Equality of all before the Law
• is the principle that each independent being must be treated equally by the law and that
all are subject to the same laws of justice (due process).
Fundamental Human Right
• They are commonly understood as inalienable, fundamental rights "to which a person is
inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being" and which are "inherent in
all human beings", regardless of their nation, location, language, religion, ethnic origin, or
any other status.
What is Constitution?
A body of fundamental rules and regulations which
spells out the powers and functions of the organs
and agencies of the government including the
fundamental human rights of citizens.
Sources of Constitution?
• Custom/conventions
• Past historical experience
• Judicial precedents
• international treaties
• constitutional conference
• intellectual works
Three types of Constitution?
Absolutist Constitution
• In this type of constitution it gives the government the authority to produce and change legal
norms including the constitution.
Legislative Supremacy
• This form of constitution provides two things. The first being a stable set of government
institutions. The second being, the constitution provides elections to the legislature. 
Higher Law Constitution
• This form of constitution adds something on top of that though it adds substantive
constraints on the exercise of public authority through constitutional rights. This form
constitution also establishes an independent judicial way of enforcing rights.
What is Constitutionalism?
Constitutionalism is the principle that governmental
powers should be limited and controlled by enforceable
rules of law as contained the constitution.
Relationship between Constitution and
Constitutionalism
Constitution
It is the system of governmental laws and principles by which a country is
governed.

Constitutionalism
Governing according to constitutional provisions.
LEGISLATIVE
DEPARTMENT
According to the 1987 Constitution, legislative power shall be vested in the
Congress of the Philippines, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of
Representatives.
The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be elected at
large by the qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be provided by law; the
House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than 250 (unless
otherwise fixed by law), 20 percent of whom must be Party-list representatives.
The qualifications to become a senator, as stipulated in the constitution, are:
• a natural-born citizen of the Philippines;
• at least thirty-five years old;
• is able to read and write
• a registered voter; and
• a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years before election day.
Meanwhile, the constitution provides for the following
criteria to become a member of the House of
Representatives:
• a natural-born citizen of the Philippines;
• at least twenty-five years old;
• is able to read and write; and
• except the party-list representatives, a registered voter
and a resident for at least one year in the district
where she/he shall be elected.
The three Branches of Government
Legislative Branch
• is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the power vested in the Philippine
Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Executive Branch
• carries out laws. It is composed of the President and the Vice President who are elected by
direct popular vote and serve a term of six years. The Constitution grants the President
authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a large portion of the country’s
bureaucracy.

Judicial Branch
evaluates laws. It holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable. This branch determines whether or not there has been a grave
abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of
the government. It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts.
What is Legislative Department?
The Legislative Branch enacts legislation, confirms or
rejects Presidential appointments, and has the authority to
declare war. This branch includes Congress (the Senate
and House of Representatives) and several agencies that
provide support services to Congress.
Legislative Department
Senate
• The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be elected at large by the
qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be provided by law.

House of Representatives
• The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than two hundred and fifty
members, unless otherwise fixed by law, who shall be elected from legislative districts
apportioned among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan Manila area in accordance
with the number of their respective inhabitants, and on the basis of a uniform and
progressive ratio, and those who, as provided by law, shall be elected through a party-list
system of registered national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations.
What is Executive Department?
The executive branch carries out and enforces laws. It includes
the President, Vice President, the Cabinet, executive
departments, independent agencies, and other boards,
commissions, and committees.
Executive Department
President
• The President leads the country. He/she is the head of state, leader of the national
government, and Commander in Chief of all armed forces of the Philippines. The President
serves a six-year term and cannot be re-elected.

Vice President
• The Vice President supports the President. If the President is unable to serve, the Vice
President becomes President. He/she serves a six-year term.

The Cabinet
• Cabinet members serve as advisors to the President. They include the Vice President and the
heads of executive departments. Cabinet members are nominated by the President and must
be confirmed by the Commission of Appointments.
What is Judicial Department?
The judicial branch interprets the meaning of laws,
applies laws to individual cases, and decides if laws
violate the Constitution.
Judicial Department
Supreme Court
• Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving
rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not there
has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of
any branch or instrumentality of the Government.
Each branch of government can change acts of the other
branches:
• The president can veto legislation created by Congress and nominates heads of
federal agencies.
• Congress confirms or rejects the president's nominees and can remove the
president from office in exceptional circumstances.
• The Justices of the Supreme Court, who can overturn unconstitutional laws,
are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate.
Legislative Process
Congress is responsible for making enabling laws to make
sure the spirit of the constitution is upheld in the country
and, at times, amend or change the constitution itself. In
order to craft laws, the legislative body comes out with
two main documents: bills and resolutions.
Bills
are laws in the making. They pass into law when they are approved by
both houses and the President of the Philippines. A bill may be vetoed
by the President, but the House of Representatives may overturn a
presidential veto by garnering a 2/3rds vote. If the President does not act
on a proposed law submitted by Congress, it will lapse into law after 30
days of receipt.
Resolutions
convey principles and sentiments of the Senate
or the House of Representatives.
Different Elements of Resolutions:
Joint Resolutions
• require the approval of both chambers of Congress and the signature of the President, and
have the force and effect of a law if approved.

Concurrent Resolutions
• used for matters affecting the operations of both chambers of Congress and must be approved
in the same form by both houses, but are not transmitted to the President for his signature
and therefore have no force and effect of a law.

Simple Resolutions
• deal with matters entirely within the prerogative of one chamber of Congress, are not referred
to the President for his signature, and therefore have no force and effect of a law.
What is Unilateral?
is any doctrine or agenda that supports one-sided action.
Such action may be in disregard for other parties, or as an
expression of a commitment toward a direction which
other parties may find disagreeable.
What is Bilateral?
refers to an act which involves the
consenting wills of two or more distinct
parties. 
Article 1:

National Territory
NATIONAL TERRITORY

The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the island and
waters embraced therein, and all other territory over which the Philippines has
sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains,
including its territorial sea, seabed, subsoil, the insular shelves and other submarine
areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago,
regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the
Philippines.
NATIONAL TERRITORY

Portion of a surface that belong to a particular country and on which a state exercises
sovereignty.

It extends 200 miles from the shore.

IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL
TERRITORY
It details the boundaries and borders of the country.

It emphasizes that this specific surface(area/space) is owned by the Philippines.

It expressly states that the Philippines has the exclusive rights over mineral and
resources beneath the water and soils.
ARCHIPELAGIC DOCTRINE
The group of islands is bound by the waters is considered as a single unit and all the
waters connecting the islands will form part of the internal waters
 MODES OF ACQUISITION OF
OTHER TERRITORIES

CESSION – one country formally gives the land or property to another

Example: token of appreciation or a gift by country.

OCCUPATION – a state of being occupied by a military force of other country.

Example: War
MODES OF ACQUISITION OF
OTHER TERRITORIES
ACCRETION – an additional piece/area formed by gradually
Example: island formed by volcanic eruptions
island formed by movement of tectonic plates

CONQUEST – an invasion or assumption of control by other group or nation.

Example: Colonization
MODES OF ACQUISITION OF
OTHER TERRITORIES
PRESCRIPTION – related to occupation, and refers to the acquisition of sovereignty
by way of the actual exercise of sovereignty, maintained for a reasonable period of
time, that is affected without objection from other state.
COMPONENTS OF NATIONAL
TERRITORY

Terrestrial Domain: Land mass(one whole island or group of islands bound by water)
Philippines is composed of a group of islands(archipelago).
COMPONENTS OF NATIONAL
TERRITORY
Fluvial Domain:
a. Internal Waters – waters around, between, and connecting the islands around the
archipelago.
b. Territorial sea(Marginal sea/Marine Belt) – belt of water 12 nautical miles
outside and parallel to the coast and internal waters.
c. Contigous Zone – extends up to 12 nautical miles from the territorial sea.
d. Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) – extending 200 nautical miles from the base
line.
COMPONENTS OF NATIONAL
TERRITORY
e. International Waters – commonly owned by all countries.

Particular Sensitive Sea Area(PSSA) – an area that needs special protection through
action by International Maritime Organization(IMO) because of its significance for
recognize ecological or socio-economic or scientific reasons and which may be
vulnerable to damage by international maritime activities.
COMPONENTS OF NATIONAL
TERRITORY
Aerial Domain
- airspace above the countries terrestrial and fluvial domains excluding outer
space.
NATIONAL TERRITORY
INCLUDES;
a) Territorial sea
b) Seabed – the ocean floor
c) Subsoil – layer immediately after the topsoil.
d) Insular Shelves – submerge Landmass surr0unding an island extending up to the
line of permanent immersion.
e) Other Submarine areas – refers to those under the territorial sea(shoal, reefs, etc),
ARTICLE III

BILL OF
RIGHTS
Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, property without due
process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of
the laws.

Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons,

houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures
of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no
search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable
cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination
under oath of affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he
may produce, and particularly describing the n place to be searched
and the person or things to be seized.
Section 3.(1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall
be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public
safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law.

(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section

shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.

Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of

expression, or of the press, or the right of then people peaceably to
assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.
Section 5. No shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment
of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or
preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required
for the exercise of civil or political rights.

Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the
limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order
of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the
interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be
provided by law.
Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public
concerns shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to
documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transaction, or
decision, as well as to government research data used as basis for
policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such
limitation as may be provided by law.

Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the

public and private sectors, to inform unions, associations, or societies
for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.

Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just
compensation .
Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.

Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and
adequate legal.

Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an
offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent
and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his now
choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he he must be
provided with one, These rights cannot be waived except in writing and
in the presence of counsel.
(2) No torture , force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means
which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention
places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are
prohibited.

(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section

17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him.

(4). The law shall provide for penal and civil sanction for violations of
this section as well as compensation to the rehabilitation of victims of
torture or similar practices, and their families.
Section 13. All persons, except those charge with offences punishable
by reclusion Perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before
conviction, be liable by sufficient sureties, or be realise on recognizance
as maybe provided by law. The right to be bail shall not be impaired
even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended.
Excessive bail shall not be required.

Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal without
due process of law.

(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent

until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by
himself and counsel,
To be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation
Against him, to have a speedy, impartial and public trial, to meet the
witness face to face , and to have compulsory process to secure the
attendance of witness and the production of evidence in his behalf.
However, after arraignment, trial may proceed not withstanding and
absence of the accused : Provide, that he has been duly notified by his
failure to appear is unjustifiable.

Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be
suspended except in cases of invasion of rebellion, when the public
safety requires it.

Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of
their cases before all judicial, or administrative bodies.
Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against
himself.

Section 18.(1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his

political beliefs and aspirations.

(2) No voluntary servitude in any from shall exist except as a

punishment for a crime where of the party shall have been duly
convicted.

Section 19. (1) excessive fine shall not be imposed, nor cruel,
degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty
to be imposed , unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous
Crimea, the congress here after provides for it. Any death penalty
already imposed shall be reduce to reclusion Perpetua .
(2) The employment of physical , psychological, or degrading
punishment against any prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard
or inadequate penal facilitates under subhuman conditions shall be dealt
with by law.

Section 20. Ne persons shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of

poll tax .

Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for

the same offense. If an act is punish by law and an ordinance ,
conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another
prosecution for the same act.

Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.

 CITIZENSHIP
 The position or status of being a citizen of a particular
country.

An example of citizenship is someone being born in the

United States and having access to all the same freedoms
and rights as those already living in the US.
 Citizenship:
- Civil Rights
- Political Rights
- Social Rights
Theories of Citizenship
• Jus Sanguinis – Blood
relationship
• Jus Soli or Loci – Place of
Birth
• Jure Matrimonli - Marriage
 Citizens – a person having title of citizenship; enjoy
full civil and political rights

Kinds of Citizen:
1. Natural Born Citizen – Filipino from Birth
2. Naturalized Citizen – either born in or outside the
Philippines to non-Filipino parents.
 Section 1. The following are citizens of the
Philippines:
[1] Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of
the adoption of this Constitution;
[2] Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the
Philippines;
[3] Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino
mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the
age of majority; and
[4] Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
Section 2. Natural-born citizens are those who
are citizens of the Philippines from birth
without having to perform any act to acquire
or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those
who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance
with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be
deemed natural-born citizens.
Section 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or
reacquired in the manner provided by law.
 Section 4. Citizens of the Philippines who
marry aliens shall retain their citizenship,
unless by their act or omission, they are
deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.

Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical

to the national interest and shall be dealt with
by law.
PHILIPPINE CITIZEN
WHAT IS CITIZENSHIP?
◈ A legal relationship involves rights and obligations on
the part of both the individual and the state itself

◈ A term denoting membership in a political community

with full civil and political privilege, and this
membership imply, reciprocally, and a duty of allegiance
on the part of the member and duty of protection on the
part of the state.
CITIZEN
◈ A person having the title of citizenship

◈ A member of democratic community who enjoys full civil and political

rights and is accorded protection inside and outside the territory of the
State.
ALIEN
◈ A citizen of a country who is residing in or passing through another
country.

◈ “Foreigner”

◈ He is not given the full rights of citizenship but is entitled to receive

protection as to his person and property.
GENERAL WAYS OF ACQUIRING
CITIZENSHIP
1. Involuntary

2. Voluntary
INVOLUNTARY
◈ By birth
Jus Sanguinis
Citizenship by virtue of blood relationship. The children follow the citizenship
of the parents
Jus soli
 Citizenship by virtue of the place of birth.
VOLUNTARY
◈ Through marriage
◈ Through the election which is the acquisition of citizenship after reaching
the age of majority
◈ Naturalization
ARTICLE IV:
CITIZENSHIP
 SECTION 1
The following are citizens of the Philippines:

1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of
this Constitution;

2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;

 3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of
Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine
citizenship upon reaching the age of majority;
and
4.Those who are naturalized in accordance
with law
NATURALIZATION
◈ Is the legal act of adopting a foreigner into political body of the state and
clothing him with the rights and privileges of a citizen

◈ Naturalization signifies the act of formally adopting a foreigner into the

political body of a nation by clothing him or her with the privileges of a
citizen.
THERE ARE SEVERAL CRITERIA
REQUIRED IN ORDER FOR A FOREIGN
PERSON TO BECOME NATURALIZED
AS A FILIPINO CITIZEN
◈ Be over 21 years of age on the day of the petition
◈ Have lived in the Philippines for at least a 10 year c
◈ Be of good moral character and support the Philippine constitution period
◈ Have a minimum of P5,000 in real estate, money or have a lucrative job
◈ Must be able to speak or read English, Spanish or one of the other main
languages of the country
◈ If the applicant has minor children they must have been enrolled in a school
recognized by the Bureau of Education.
DEPENDING ON YOUR SITUATION
THERE ARE THREE MAIN ROUTES TO
BECOMING A NATURALIZED FILIPINO
CITIZEN.
◈ The courts - if you are a foreigner who has married a Filipino then a
judicial process will allow you to become a Filipino citizen.
◈ The Office of the Solicitor General - the OSG has the power to approve
petitions for naturalization. The processing fee is around P40,000.
◈ An act of congress - if you have made a significant contribution to public
life in the Philippines your application to become naturalized can be
sponsored by a senator or congressman.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF CITIZENS
UNDER THE CONSTITUTION
◈ Natural-born citizens
◈ Citizens at the time of the adoption of this
constitution
◈ Those who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of reason
◈ Those who are naturalized in accordance
with law
 WHEREAS, CITIZENS ASSEMBLIES WERE
CREATED IN BARRIOS IN MUNICIPALITIES
AND IN DISTRICTS/WARDS IN
CHARTERED CITIES PURSUANT TO
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 86, DATED
DECEMBER 31, 1972, COMPOSED OF ALL
PERSONS WHO ARE RESIDENTS OF THE
BARRIO, DISTRICT OR WARD FOR AT
LEAST SIX MONTHS, FIFTEEN YEARS OF
AGE OR OVER, CITIZENS OF THE
PHILIPPINES AND WHO ARE REGISTERED
IN THE LIST OF CITIZEN ASSEMBLY
MEMBERS KEPT BY THE BARRIO
 SECTION 2
◈ Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from
birthwithout having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their
Philippine citizenship.Those who elect Philippine citizenship in
accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1hereof shall be deemed natural-
born citizen
 SECTION 3
◈ Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided
by law
 FILIPINO CITIZEN MAY LOSE HIS
CITIZENSHIP IN ANY OF THE
FOLLOWING WAYS:
1. Voluntary
 A. By naturalization in a foreign
country
 B. By express renunciation of
citizenship ( a formal rejection of
something)
 By subscribing to an oath of allegiance
C.

to support the constitution and law of

foreign country
 D. By rendering service to or accepting
commission in the armed forces of a
foreign country
The voluntary loss or renunciation of one’s
nationality is called EXPATRIATION

118
2. Involuntary
 A. By cancellation of his certificate of
naturalization by the court
 B. By having been declared by
competent authority a deserter of the
Philippines armed forces in times of
war.
 GROUNDS FOR REACQUIRING LOST
PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP
1. By naturalization
2. By repatriation
3. By direct act of congress
 Once you reacquire your Philippine
citizenship, you will again enjoy full civil,
economic and political rights under
existing Philippine laws.

121
Among these rights are:

◈ The right to travel with a Philippine passport;

◈ The right to own real property in the Philippines;
◈ The right to engage in business and commerce as a Filipino; and
◈ The right to practice one’s profession, provided that a license or permit to
engage in such practice is obtained from the Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC), or the Supreme Court in the case of lawyers.
◈ You may also vote in Philippine national elections (for President, Vice
President, Senators and sectoral representatives) by overseas/absentee ballot
in accordance with the provisions of the Overseas Absentee Voting Act of
2003. 
 SECTION 4
Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship,
unless by their act or omission they are deemed, under the law, to have
renounced.
 SECTION 5
Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be
dealt with by law.
 DUTIES AND
OBLIGATION OF
THE CITIZENS
◈ To be loyal to the republic. Loyalty implies faith and confidence in the
republic and love and devotion to the country.
◈ To defend the State
◈ To contribute to the development and welfare of the state
◈ To uphold the constitution and obey the laws
◈ To exercise rights responsively with due regards to the rights of others
◈ To engage in gainful work
◈ To register and vote.
If You Are Born on an
International Flight, What
Citizenship Do You Have?

129
 ✔ US currently extends an offer of citizenship to any child born in the country.
✖ Not all countries do this

⦿ Note that this only amounts to 35 of 200 nations.

⦿Some countries claim to observe jus soli with modifications
 • UK requires that one of the parents be
"legally settled" in the UK;
• other's don't require legal citizenship or
131

residency per se, but do require a parent to have

lived in the country for some period of time.
• Thailand requires that the parents have legally
lived in Thailand for at least 5 years (legally) for
jus soli to be valid for a child.
132

Is someone an American if they are

born at US embassy?
 EXECUTIVE
BRANCH OF THE
PHILIPPINES
Article VII of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution
 EXECUTIVE
DEPARTMENT
the Executive department carries out laws.
it is composed of the President and the Vice
President who are elected by direct popular
vote and serve a term of six years.
the Constitution grants the President
authority to appoint his Cabinet. These
departments form a large portion of the
country’s bureaucracy.
 KEY ROLES OF THE
EXECUTIVE
BRANCH INCLUDE:
PRESIDENT-
The President leads the country. He/she
is the head of state, leader of the
national government, and Commander
in Chief of all armed forces of the
Philippines. The President serves a six-
year term and cannot be re-elected.
PRESIDENT
RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE
 • VICE PRESIDENT-

the Vice President supports

the President. If the
President is unable to serve,
the Vice President becomes
President. He/she serves a
six-year term.
VICE PRESIDENT
LENI ROBREDO
 • THE CABINET –

cabinet members serve as advisors to

the President. They include the Vice
President and the heads of executive
departments. Cabinet members are
nominated by the President and must
be confirmed by the Commission of
Appointments.
Article VII
Section 1
The executive power shall be
vested in the President of the
Philippines
The Powers Of The President
Of The Philippines
1. Executive power
2. Power of appointment
3. Power of removal
4. Power of control
5. Military powers
6. Pardoning power
7. Borrowing power
8. Diplomatic power
9. Budgetary power
10. Informing power
Article VII
Section 2
Qualification of President
Section 3
Qualification of Vice President
President
Vice President
Secretary
Senate President
Speaker of the
House of Representatives
Section 17

The President shall have control

of all the executive departments,
bureaus, and offices. He shall
ensure that the laws be faithfully
executed.
Section 18

The President shall be the Commander-in-

Chief of all armed forces of the Philippines
and whenever it becomes necessary, he may
call out such armed forces to prevent or
suppress lawless violence, invasion or
rebellion.
Section 19

Except in cases of impeachment, or as

otherwise provided in this Constitution, the
President may grant reprieves,
commutations, and pardons, and remit fines
and forfeitures, after conviction by final
judgment
Section 21

No treaty or international agreement

shall be valid and effective unless
concurred in by at least two-thirds of
all the Members of the Senate.
 CHURCH,
MILITARY AND
MEDIA
CHURCH
CHRISTIANITY was first brought to the
Philippine islands by Spanish Missionaries and
colonists.

Catholic Church and the government during the

Spanish colonial period.
CHURCH

Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an

establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of
religious profession and worship, without
discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed.
No religious test shall be required for the exercise of
civil or political rights.
MILITARY

The Armed Forces of the Philippines was

the first military in the constitution.
MILITARY
Section 4. The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be
composed of a citizen armed force which shall undergo
military training and serve as may be provided by law. It
shall keep a regular force necessary for the security of the
State.
Section 5. (1) All members of the armed forces shall take
an oath or affirmation to uphold and defend this
Constitution.
MEDIA

television stations
AM Radio Broadcast Station
FM Broadcast Station
Internet Radio Station
Shortwave Station
Newspaper
MEDIA
Section 11. (1) The ownership and management of mass
media shall be limited to citizens of the Philippines, or
to corporations, cooperatives or associations, wholly-
owned and managed by such citizens.
(2) The advertising industry is impressed with public
interest, and shall be regulated by law for the protection
of consumers and the promotion of the general welfare.
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
are purposeful, organized groups striving to work
toward a common social goal. While most of us learned
about social movements in history classes, we tend to
take for granted the fundamental changes they caused
and we may be completely unfamiliar with the trend
toward global social movement.
 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
From the anti-tobacco movement that has worked to
outlaw smoking in public buildings and raise the cost of
cigarettes, to uprising throughout the Arab world,
contemporary movements create social change on a
global scale.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL
We know MOVEMENTS
that social movements can occur on the local,
national, or even global stage.
Are there other patterns or classifications that can help us
understand them? Sociologist David Aberle (1966) addresses
this question, developing categories that distinguish among
social movements based on what they want to change or how
much change they want.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL
1.
MOVEMENTS
Reform Movements
-seek to change something specific about the social
structure. Example include anti-nuclear groups, Mother Against
Drunk Driving (MADD), and the National Action Committee
on the Status of Women (NAC)
 TYPES OF SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS
2. Revolutionary Movements
-seek to completely change every aspect of society. These
would include Cuban 26th of July Movement (UNDER Fidel
Castro), the 1960s counterculture movement, as well as
anarchist collectives.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS
3. Redemptive Movements
-are “meaning seeking”, and their goal is to provoke inner
change or spiritual growth in individuals. Organizations
pushing these movements might include Alcoholics
Anonymous, New Age, or Christian fundamentalist groups.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS
4. Alternative Movements
-are focused on self-improvement and limited, specific
changes to individual beliefs and behavior. These include
groups like the Slow Food movement, Planned Parenthood, and
barefoot jogging advocates.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS
5. Resistance Movements
-seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure. The
pro-life movements fall into this category.
 STAGES OF SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS
Blumer (1969) and Tilly (1978)
-Preliminary stage
-Coalescence stage
-Institutional stage
-Decline stage
 L U D I JI A C
JUDICIAL
 N O T IC L E E
ELECTION
D O E MC Y A C R
DEMOCRACY
 Y A R T P
PARTY
 JUDICIAL
DEPARTMENT

Prepared by: Santisas,

Jennifer M.
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
it is the branch of government that
interprets and applies law in the name of
the state. The judiciary also provides a
mechanism for the resolution of the
disputes.
 JUDICIAL POWER
 refers to the power of the Judicial
Branch to hear cases and interpret,
enforce or nullify laws and statutes
in order to render verdicts.
Branches of
Judicial
Department
SUPREME COURT
it is the top tier of the
judicial hierarchy. The
Supreme Court has both
original and appellate
jurisdiction.
CHIEF JUSTICE
DIOSDADO M.
PERALTA
current Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court
appointed by President
Rodrigo Duterte
 COURT OF
APPEALS
reviews the decisions
and orders of the
Regional Trial Courts
nationwide.
SANDIGANBAYAN
is a special appellate collegial court
in the Philippines that has
jurisdiction over criminal and civil
cases involving graft and corrupt
practices and other offenses
committed by public officers and
government employees.
COURT OF TAX
APPEALS
It has exclusive jurisdiction to
review on appeal decisions in cases
involving disputed assessments,
refunds of internal revenue taxes,
fees, or other charges, penalties in
relation thereto, or other matters
arising under the National Internal
Revenue Code.
 Supreme
Court

Court of Court of Tax

Sandiganbayan
Appeals Appeals

Regional Shari’a District

Trial Courts Courts

Municipal Municipal Municipal Shari’a

Metropolitan
Trial Courts Trial Circuit Trial Circuit
Trial Courts in Cities Courts Courts Courts
4 CLASSES OF COURTS
Constitutional Court
Statutory Court
Regular
Special
 ConstitutionalCourt Regular
Supreme
Statutory Court Court Special

Court of Court of Tax

Sandiganbayan
Appeals Appeals

Regional Shari’a District

Trial Courts Courts

Municipal Municipal Municipal Shari’a

Metropolitan
Trial Courts Trial Circuit Trial Circuit
Trial Courts in Cities Courts Courts Courts
MARGINALIZED
GROUP IN THE
PHILIPPINE
POLITICS
MARGINALIZED SECTOR
The marginalized sectors include
the self employed or those working
in family workshops, jeepney
drivers, rural workers like
fisherfolks and farmers .
The nature and operation of their
works are beyond the scope and
reach of government legislation
and regulations on labor as there
are no employer-employee
relationship.
 RIGHTS OF THE MARGINALIZED SECTORS

Right to dignity
Right to a Just compensation and observance
of rest periods, and holidays
Right to share in the fruits of production
Right to organize
Freedom from exploitation and
harassment
Right to Join the mainstream of
society
Right to redress grievances
ISSUES AND CONCERNS
Absence of sufficient or alternative
employment opportunities.
Harassment
Exploitation
Lack of social and political status
Lack of standard sets in labor
laws
Exposure to occupation hazards
Absence of organize union
 Low production and low wages
E X I S T I N G M E A S U R E S P R O T E C T I N G A N D P R O M O T I N G T H E R I G H T S O F T H E M A R G I N A L I Z E D S E C T O R

Issuance of Memo Circular No. 335

which extended the scope of the Philippine
Human Rights Plan to include marginalized
sectors
TESDA, DOLE, and LGU’s joint effort in
implementing the Training Delivery for the
Informal Sector (TDIS)project.
Introduction of the work
improvement on small enterprise
(WISE) Program which aimed to assist
small and medium enterprise workers,
improve their working conditions and
productivity
Expansion of Social Amelioration
Program (SAP) for sugar workers to
cover other industries.
Implementation of the program for
rural employment through Self-
Employment and Enterpreneurship
Development (PRESEED) which
provides funding for livelihood
projects of marginalized sector
Strengthening of labor education
program on unorganized workers and
small and medium-sized enterprise.
Social reform agenda
establishment of cooperatives
 MOST COMMON MARGINALIZED
GROUPS

1. LGBTQ
2. Senior Citizen
3. Racial Cultural Minorities
4. Military Combat Veterans
5. Physically Challenge Individuals
6. Person with Mental Illness
7. Gifted and Talented Person
8. Gamblers and Substance Abuse
9. Poor People
10. Homeless
1. LGBTQ
These are the lesbian,
gay, bisexual,
transgender and queer.
In the Philippines same
sex marriage is
prohibited. According
to study Philippines is
10th in rank for being
one of the most gay
friendly nations in
Asia.
2.SENIOR CITIZEN
Republic Act 9994
of 2010. It defines
the privileges of all
senior citizen are
entitled to: Elderly
Filipinos aged 60
above they have a
20% discount and
exempted from VAT.
3. RACIAL CULTURAL
MINORITIES
Ethnic Filipinos
are Tagalog,
Cebuano, Ilocano,
Bicolano,
Kapampangan,
Maranao,
Maguindanao and
Tausug.
4. MILITARY COMBAT
VETERAN
Veteranos” are
“

Filipino soldiers who

fought in the
Philippines in the
World War II under
America
administration
against Japanese.
5. PHYSICALLY CHALLENGE
PERSON
PWD’s these are people who has a long
term physical impairments. According
Republic Act No. 7277 or also known as
“Magna Carta for Disabled Person”
 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
ARE REQUIRED TO:

Institute a national health program for

PWD’s.
Establish rehabilitation centers in provincial
hospital.
To address
barriers and
improve access
and reasonable
accommodations
of PWD’s to
health care
services and
programs.
6. PERSON WITH MENTAL
 Mental Health Act
ILLNESS
(Republic Act No.
11036).
This act seeks to
protect the rights of
people with mental
disorder and family
members .
7. GIFTED AND TALENTED
PERSON
House Bill No. 868, with this bill the gifted
and talented persons will be given the right
amount of care and attention.
They can also avail scholarships those who
cannot afford reputable schools.
Special Training
programs for the
teachers, guidance
counselor, and
school
administrator.
8. GAMBLERS AND
SUBSTANCE USERS
These are people
who are addicted
to gambling or
any other devious
act.
9. POOR PEOPLE
About 1 in 5 Filipinos
lives extreme poverty,
getting big on less than
a day.
There are children
work long hours as a
street vendors or
laborers to make
enough to feed
themselves.
10. HOMELESS
Philippines has the
highest number of
homeless people in
the world.
Homelessness can
be the result of
various,
predominantly due
to poverty caused by
unemployment.
MAKING JUSTICE WORK
FOR THE MARGINALIZED
To depend their rights especially to
those marginalized group of people. They
must have an access to justice that is not
only fair and equitable but also cost
effective and efficient .
This includes the strengthening
legal identify, voice and standing of
the marginalized to ensure an
inclusive development process.
1. STRENGTHENING
INDIGENOUS
This project will JUSTICE
seek to establish
interfacing mechanisms between
the formal and informal justice that
promotes the rule of law and
respect for human rights.
2. ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE
This project will not only
strengthen the role that the
governance plays but also the
rights, obligations and
responsibilities to have a safe and
sustainable environment for all.
3. LEGAL EMPOWERMENT OF THE
POOR AND OTHER MARGINALIZED
This aims to protect and able to use
GROUPS
the law to advance their rights and
interest.
This will explain that the poverty is
not a social reality but rather a result of
weaknesses and inadequacies in
policies, mechanisms and markets.
DEMOCRATIC
ROLE OF
POLITICAL
PARTIES
 WHAT IS
POLITICAL PARTY?
 A group of people that is
organized for the purpose of
winning government power,
by electoral or other means.
 Political Parties in the
Philippines are diverse ideologies
and are plentiful in number. Most
of these parties do not have actual
grassroots membership among
ordinary voters but rather that of
political figures and leaders.
 TYPES OF
POLITICAL
PARTIES
 MAJOR PARTY
Political party with enough
elector strength to periodically
gain control of a government
 MINOR PARTY
political party with so little
electoral strength that is chance
of gaining control of the
government is slight.
 REGIONAL OR
PROVINCIAL PARTY
Political party based on
single region
ROLES OF
POLITICAL
PARTIES
1. SELECTNG CANDIDATES
 Parties virtually monopolize
nominations, which give them
tremendous power to shape
governments and policies.
 2. ELECTION CAMPAIGNING
 Those professionals, hired by the
candidates for substantial fees, organize
hig-the campaigns that feature such up-to-
date (and costly) techniques and raising
money by computerized direct mail
advertising
 LEADERSHIP RECRUITMENT
 the political party is still likely to be
a structure that identifies potential
leaders, brings them to public
attention, and secures them the
support necessary for taking public
office
 MOBILIZE VOTERS
 Get out the vote drives
 President, Congress, Local Party
Cooperation to win election
 Leaders stress party loyalty to proposed
policies
 CONTEST ELECTION

 “Wage war” in the general

election
 FORM GOVERNMENTS

organized along party lines.

Monitor the opposing party
when it’s in power.
MINOR PARTIES
PLAY SERVERAL
IMPORTANT
ROLES
SPOILER ROLE
Minor party candidates can pull
decisive votes away from one of
the major parties candidates,
especially if the minor party
candidate is from a splinter party
Critic
Minor parties especially single
issue parties often take stands on and
draw attention to controversial issues
that the major parties would prefer to
ignore
INNOVATOR
Often minor parties will draw
attention to important issues and
propose innovative solutions to
problems. If these proposals gain
popular support, they are often
integrated into the platforms of the two
major parties.