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2-Sampling Methods and Techniques

This document discusses different sampling methods and techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, and sampling. It also explains the differences between probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, and non-probability sampling methods like convenience sampling, purposive sampling, quota sampling, snowball sampling, voluntary sampling, and judgment sampling. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each sampling method. Formulas for calculating sample sizes are also presented, such as Slovin's formula.

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Roselyn Becher
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76 views

2-Sampling Methods and Techniques

This document discusses different sampling methods and techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, and sampling. It also explains the differences between probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, and non-probability sampling methods like convenience sampling, purposive sampling, quota sampling, snowball sampling, voluntary sampling, and judgment sampling. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each sampling method. Formulas for calculating sample sizes are also presented, such as Slovin's formula.

Uploaded by

Roselyn Becher
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 39

SAMPLING

METHODS and TECHNIQUES

Adapted from:
Dr. Winstun Sirug

1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Learn the reasons for sampling

Develop an understanding about different sampling methods

Distinguish between probability & non probability sampling

Discuss the relative advantages & disadvantages of each


sampling methods
Population vs Sample

Population. Consist of all the


members of the group about which
to draw conclusion.

Sample. Portion or part, of the


population of interest selected for
analysis
Sample

Having clearly identified a thesis statement or


question, as well as the population, variables and
type of data involved, a researcher can begin to
conduct his or her study;

To conduct research, data from a sample must be


collected, which could involve medical testing,
laboratory analyses, surveys, etc.
Sampling

Blood type determination: A AB B O


Sampling

Sample Size: 1,200 respondents


Sampling Error Margin: ±3%
Confidence Level: 95%

Source: www.bworldonline.com
Sampling

Sample Size: 1,200 respondents


Sampling Error Margin: ±3%
Confidence Level: 95%

Source: www.pulseasia.ph
Why take a sample instead of population?

1. It is hard to determine the actual population size.

2. It is too costly in terms of human resources and other


expenses.

3. It is time consuming.

4. There is a lot of error to control and monitor.

5. Lists are rarely up to date.


Sampling Techniques

Random Sampling is a process


whose members had an equal
chance of being selected from
the population; it is also called
probability sampling.

Non-random sampling is a
sampling procedure where
samples selected in a deliberate
manner with little or no
attention to randomization; it is
also called non-probability
sampling.
Sampling Techniques
Sampling
Techniques

Random Non-random

Simple Convenience

Systematic Purposive

Stratified Quota

Cluster Snowball

Voluntary

Judgment
Simple Random Sampling
A process of selecting n sample size in the population via
random numbers or through lottery.
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Simple Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling

A process of selecting a kth element in the population until the


desired number of subjects or respondents is attained.

Example:
For instance we have the data shown below; say we want to
consider every 3rd on the list.

Therefore, the samples from every 3rd from left to right are
3, 7, 11, 15, and 19.
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling

A process of subdividing the population into subgroups or


strata and drawing members at random from each subgroup
or stratum.

Example: Given that a population of a certain university.

Field of Specialization Population Percentage Sample Size Found by


Marketing 6,000 50.00 2,728 0.5000 x 5,455
Communication Arts 500 4.17 227 0.0417 x 5,455
HRM 2,000 16.67 909 0.1667 x 5,455
Tourism 1,000 8.33 455 0.0833 x 5,455
Education 2,500 20.83 1,136 0.2083 x 5,455
Total 12,000 100.00 5,455

Therefore, the total sample size is 5,455.


Note: Slovin’s formula maybe used to determine the sample size.
Stratified Sampling
Cluster Sampling

A process of selecting clusters from a population which is


very large or widely spread out over a wide geographical
area.

Example: If we want to know the opinion of the residents of


Manila regarding the improvement of living in the city. We
may use the cluster sampling by subdividing the city into
district then select at random the number of district to be
used as sample.
Cluster Sampling
Cluster Sampling

Luzon
Visayas Regional
Mindanao

Household

Municipality Province
Barangay
/City
Convenience Sampling
It is a process of selecting a group of individuals who
(conveniently) are available for study.

Example: A researcher may only include close friends and


clients to be included in the sample population.
Purposive Sampling

A process of selecting based from


judgment to select a sample which
the researcher believed, based on
prior information, will provide the
data they need.

Disadvantage: The researcher’s judgment may be in error


– the estimate of representation may be wrong or
their expertise regarding the information needed.

Example: A human resource director interviews the


qualified applicants in a supervisory position.
(Note: Qualified applicants are selected by the HR Director
which is based from his own judgment.)
Quota Sampling
When an investigator survey collects information from an
assigned number, or quota of individuals from one of several
sample units fulfilling certain prescribed criteria or belonging
to one stratum. Their advantage is that they are cheaper to
administer.

Example: When the respondents are composed of men aged


over 50 or 20 people who have bought cellular phones in the
last week. It is in the interviewer’s discretion which men or
cellular phone buyers they select.
Snowball Sampling
When one or more members of a population are located & used
to lead the researchers to other members of the population.

Example: Imagine attempting to obtain the frame that


includes all homeless people in Metro Manila. To obtain a
sample of homeless individuals, for example, the researcher
will interview individuals on the street or at homeless shelter.
Voluntary Sampling
When sample are composed of respondents who are self-
select into the study/survey. Most of the time samples have a
strong interest in the topic of the study.

Example: Consider a news show asks their viewers to


participate in an on-line poll. The samples are viewers who have
chosen themselves and not the survey administrator.
Judgment Sampling
When the researcher relies on his/her personal/sound
judgement in choosing to participate in the study or the
sample selected is based on the opinion of an expert.

Example: In a study wherein a


researcher wants to know what it
takes to be a topnotcher in a bar
examination, the only people who can
give the researcher firsthand advise
are individuals who are bar
topnotcher.
Determine the type of
sampling method used in each
scenario
a)Every fiftieth family in the PLDT
telephone book is surveyed by phone.

Systematic Random
Sample
b) The Ontario government randomly selects
five high schools in Ontario and surveys each
teacher in those schools.

Cluster random sampling


c) Jonathon randomly selects three
cards from a standard deck of cards.

Simple Random Sample


d) You wish to survey 100 employees at Trillium
Shopping Plaza (contains 216 stores). You randomly
select 10 stores, then randomly select 10 employees
from each store.

Multi-staged Random Sample


Using Formulas to Calculate a Sample Size

Sample size can be determined by the application of one of several


mathematical formulae.
Formula mostly used for calculating a sample for proportions.
For Example:
For populations that are large, the Cochran (1963:75) equation
yields a representative sample for proportions.
Fisher equation, Mugenda etc
Slovin’s Formula
Slovin’s Formula

Where n is the sample size,


N is the population size,
e is the level of precision.
Note
The sample size formulas provide the number of
responses that need to be obtained. Many
researchers commonly add 10 % to the sample size
to compensate for persons that the researcher is
unable to contact.
The sample size also is often increased by 30 % to
compensate for non-response ( e.g self
administered questionnaires).
Example:
Given: N = 35,600 residents e =
standard confidence level is 90% - 95%.
The researchers used a confidence of
90% for a better accuracy, which will
give a margin error of 0.10

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