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Multimedia Systems Lecture - 2: Dr. Priyambada Subudhi Assistant Professor IIIT Sri City

The document discusses the common elements of multimedia, including text, graphics, audio, video, and animation. It provides details on how each element is represented and stored in digital form, including file formats, sample rates, resolutions, and typical file sizes. Key aspects covered are how bitmap and vector graphics differ, standards for different graphic file types, factors that influence audio and video file sizes like sample depth and frame rate, and why compression is necessary for digital video.

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153 views9 pages

Multimedia Systems Lecture - 2: Dr. Priyambada Subudhi Assistant Professor IIIT Sri City

The document discusses the common elements of multimedia, including text, graphics, audio, video, and animation. It provides details on how each element is represented and stored in digital form, including file formats, sample rates, resolutions, and typical file sizes. Key aspects covered are how bitmap and vector graphics differ, standards for different graphic file types, factors that influence audio and video file sizes like sample depth and frame rate, and why compression is necessary for digital video.

Uploaded by

Priyambada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multimedia Systems

Lecture – 2
By
Dr. Priyambada Subudhi
Assistant Professor
IIIT Sri City
Elements of Multimedia Data
 The common elements of multimedia includes
 Text: All multimedia productions contain some amount of text.
The text can have various types of fonts and sizes to suit the
profession presentation of the multimedia software.
 Graphics:
 Graphics make the multimedia application attractive.
 In many cases people do not like reading large amount of textual matter
on the screen. Therefore, graphics are used more often than text to
explain a concept, present background information etc.
 There are two types of Graphics:
 Bitmap Images : Bitmap images are real images that can be captured from
devices such as digital cameras or scanners. Generally bitmap images are not
editable. Bitmap images require a large amount of memory.
 Vector Graphics : Vector graphics are drawn on the computer and only require
a small amount of memory. These graphics are editable.
 Audio:
 A multimedia application may require the use of speech, music and sound
effects. These are called audio or sound element of multimedia.
 Speech is also a perfect way for teaching. Audio are of analog and digital
types. Analog audio or sound refers to the original sound signal.
 Computer stores the sound in digital form. Therefore, the sound used in
multimedia application is digital audio.
 Video:
 The term video refers to the moving picture, accompanied by sound such as a
picture in television.
 Video element of multimedia application gives a lot of information in small
duration of time. 
 Digital video is useful in multimedia application for showing real life objects.
 Video have highest performance demand on the computer memory and on the
bandwidth if placed on the internet. 
 Digital video files can be stored like any other files in the computer.
Animation:

 Animation is a process of making a static graphical elements look like it is


moving.
 An animation is just a continuous series of still graphical elements that are
displayed in a sequence. 
 The animation can be used effectively for attracting attention.
 Animation also makes a presentation light and attractive.
Multimedia Data Representation:
Text
Source: Keyboard, speech input, optical character recognition,
data stored on disk
Stored and input character by character:
 Storage of text is 1 byte per char / more bytes for Unicode.
 For other forms of data (e.g. Spreadsheet les). May store format as text
(with formatting) others may use binary encoding.
 Format: Raw text or formatted text e.g HTML, Rich Text Format
(RTF), Word or a program language source (Java, Python, MATLAB
etc.)
 Not temporal. But may have natural implied sequence e.g. HTML
format sequence, Sequence of C program statements.
 Size Not significant w.r.t. other Multimedia data.
Images
Input: digitally scanned photographs/pictures or directly from a digital
camera.
May also be generated by programs “similar” to graphics or animation
programs.
Still pictures which (uncompressed) are represented as a bitmap (a grid
of pixels organized as a 2D array).
 The two dimensions specify the width and height of the images. Each
pixel has also a bit depth which represents the number of bits assigned
to each pixel.
Stored at 1 bit per pixel (Black and White), 8 Bits per pixel (Gray Scale,
Colour Map) or 24 Bits per pixel (True Colour)
 Size: a 512x512 Gray scale image takes up 1/4 MB, a 512x512 24 bit
image takes 3/4 MB with no compression.
 This overhead soon increases with image size.
Graphics
 Format: constructed by the composition of primitive objects such
as lines, polygons, circles, curves and arcs.
 Input: Graphics are usually generated by a graphics editor
program (e.g. Illustrator) or automatically by a program (e.g.
Postscript).
 Graphics are usually editable or revisable (unlike Images).
 Graphics input devices: keyboard (for text and cursor control),
mouse, trackball or graphics tablet.
 Graphics standards : OpenGL, PHIGS, GKS
 Graphics files usually store the primitive assembly
 Do not take up a very high storage overhead.
Audio
 Digital audio is characterized by a sampling rate in hertz, which gives the
number of samples per second.
 A sample can be defined as an individual unit of audio information.
 Each sample also has a size, the sample size, which typically is anywhere from
8-bits to 16-bits depending on the application.
 CD Quality Audio requires 16-bit sampling at 44.1 KHz Even higher audiophile
rates (e.g. 24-bit, 96 KHz)
 Audio signal is also described by dimensionality i.e. the dimensions of an audio
signal signify the number of channels that are contained in the signal. These may
be mono (one channel), stereo (two channels).
 1 Minute of Mono CD quality (uncompressed) audio requires 5 MB.

 1 Minute of Stereo CD quality (uncompressed) audio requires 10 MB.

 Usually compressed (E.g. MP3, AAC, Flac, Ogg Vorbis).


Video
Input: Analog Video is usually captured by a video camera and then digitized.
 Video is represented as a sequence of images. Each image in the sequence
typically has the same properties of width, height, and pixel depth.
 There is one more temporal parameter known as frames per second or fps.
 Typically, videos have 25, 30 or 50 frames per second.
 E.g. A 512×512 size monochrome video images take 25×0.25 = 6.25MB for a
second to store uncompressed.
Typical PAL digital video (720×576 pixels per colour frame) 1.24 × 25 = 31MB
for a second to store uncompressed.
 High Definition video on Blu-ray (up to 1920×1080 = 2 Megapixels per
frame) 6.2×25 = 155MB for a second to store uncompressed. (There are
higher possible frame rates!)
 Digital video clearly needs to be compressed for most times.

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