• Presented by:anmol

• Class: 11 b2

Pascal’s law • Roll no:5

and its
applications
PASCAL’S
LAW
• Pascal's law says that
pressure applied to an
enclosed fluid will be
transmitted without a change
in magnitude to every point
of the fluid and to the walls
of the container. The
pressure at any point in the
fluid is equal in all directions
 • The law was proposed by Blaise Pascal, a
French Physicist and Mathematician. He
observed that when a fluid is at rest, the
same amount of pressure is applied at all
the points which are at the same height.
Now, we get to know that pressure is not
a vector quantity; and, therefore, it can
not be assigned any direction. If we begin
to consider that fluid is a horizontal bar
with a uniform cross-section and it is in a
state of equilibrium, then there will be an
equal and balanced force which will be
exerted at the two ends. However, if we
consider that an unequal force is acting
on the horizontal bar, in that case, the
liquid will have some net force acting on
it and it will flow. Therefore, it can rightly
be said that since the liquid does not

PASCAL’S LAW
flow, it definitely has equal pressure
acting on it at all the points.
PASCAL LAW FORMULA

Following is the formula of

Pascal law:

F = PA

Where F is the force applied, P

is the pressure transmitted,
and A is the cross-sectional
area.
Variations in depth

• The law states that Pressure

increases with depth or height so
that as you go down from point A to
B to C the pressure will increase.

• The law also states that pressure in a

fluid at rest is same at all points if
they are at the same height. This
means that as long as points C and D
are at the same height above the
base of the tank they will both be at
the same pressure, obviously point B
will be at a lower pressure and point
A will be at a still lower pressure
Pascal’s Law Derivation

• Consider an arbitrary right-angled prismatic

triangle in the liquid of density rho. Since the
prismatic element is very small, every point is
considered to be at the same depth as the
liquid surface. Therefore, T is also the same at
all these points.

• Consider an arbitrary right-angled prismatic

triangle in the liquid of density rho. Since the
prismatic element is very small, every point is
considered to be at the same depth as the
liquid surface. Therefore, the effect of gravity
is also the same at all these points.
 Pressure exerts a force which is normal
Therefore, Force F1, F2, and F3 is given as:
Let ad, bd, and cd be the area of the to the surface. Let P1 exert force F1 on
Let P1, P2, and P3 be the pressure on the F1 = P1 × area of ABFE = P1 ad
faces ABFE, ABDC, and CDFE, the surface ABFE, P2 exert force F2 on
respectively. faces ABFE, ABDC, and CDFE. F2 = P2 × area of ABDC = P2 bd
the surface ABDC, and P3 exert force
F3 = P3 × area of CDFE = P3 cd
F3 on the surface CDFE.

The net force on the prism will be zero F1 sin θ = F2 P1 ad baba = P2 bd (equ 1)
Also, sinθ=basinθ=ba cosθ=cacosθ=ca
since the prism is in equilibrium. F1 cos θ = F3 P1 ad caca = P3 cd (equ 2)

From 1 and 2
∴ P1= P2= P3
P1 = P2 and P1 = P3
 • A hydraulic lift is versatile in its utility. It

1. Hydraulic Lift has a hydraulic apparatus which is used to

lift heavy objects. In the case of hydraulic
lifts, force applied creates “lift” and
“work.”
• It is based on the principle of equal
pressure transmission throughout the
fluid. A narrow cylinder (A) is connected
to a wider cylinder (B) fitted with airtight
pistons filled with an incompressible fluid.
The mathematical representation of the
Pascal’s Law helps in the determination of
pressure which can be exerted on the
fluid in the piston so as to create enough
force for lifting and moving an object.

• When pressure from piston A is

transmitted to piston B, piston B lifts the
heavy object like big machines, vehicles.
The hydraulic lift technology has
widespread applications in the industrial,
construction, transport sector, etc.
2. Hydraulic Jack
Hydraulic jacks, which come under the category of a closed container,
follow the principle of Pascal’s Law. They are used to lift heavy bodies.

The hydraulic jack consists of two cylinders, a larger and a smaller

one; and these two cylinders are connected. When its handle is
pressed down, a valve closes and the small piston forces the fluid
through another valve to a larger cylinder which, then, produces a
large force to be transmitted to the load. Therefore, we can say that
when force is applied, the pressure is exerted throughout the volume
and surface of the cylinder.

The handle is moved up and down repeatedly until the load is

sufficiently lifted up by the hydraulic fluid flowing buffer tank to the
small cylinder. Hydraulic jacks are highly advantageous in the
automotive industry and are often used to lift cars above the ground
level for repair and maintenance.
 • A number of components
3. Hydraulic Brakes form the braking system in
cars. When force is applied on
the brake pedal, there is a
movement of the piston and
rod in the master cylinder. A
liquid which is known as brake
or hydraulic fluid, enclosed in
the container, is used to
transmit the pressure from
the brake pedal to the wheels
of the vehicle against the
brake discs or brake drums.
The frictional force between
these force components
causes the vehicle to stop.
Hydraulic brakes are used in
cars, motorcycles and lorries.
 4. Hydraulic
Pumps

• Hydraulic pumps help in the discharge of fluid. It is

equipped with a small cylinder connected to a large
cylinder and both the cylinders are filled with oil.
Compressed air introduced to the small cylinder
exerts a pressure on the surface of the oil. This
pressure is transmitted by the oil to the large
cylinder where the pressure acts on a large piston to
produce a force large enough to lift a car.

• Hydraulic pumps are used widely in the automobile

industry.
 5. Aircraft
Hydraulic
System
• An aircraft hydraulic system consists of three
critical mechanical components and hydraulic
fluid. Even a small amount of hydraulic fluid
helps in transmitting a large amount of force.
The hydraulic fluid in contact with the
cylinders/pistons is at different pressure. The
oil which is at a relatively higher pressure can
be pumped to either side of the piston head.
The selector valve helps in controlling the
direction of the fluid.
Scuba divers
• Scuba divers must understand
this principle. Starting from
normal atmospheric pressure,
about 100 kilopascal, the
pressure increases by about 100
kPa for each increase of 10 m
depth