LIME
Credit to:
Shamjith Km
[email protected]
Lime
• Important cementing material
• Used in old times instead of cement
• Chemically: CaO
• Uses:
Ordinary buildings
Massive monuments
Palaces
Forts
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Sources of lime
1. Limestone hills
2. Seashells
3. Corals
4. Kankar (Below ground level)
5. Beds of old rivers
Important technical terms
1. Calcination
refers to heating a solid to high temperatures in absence of air or
oxygen, generally for the purpose of removing impurities or volatile
substances.
2. Hydraulicity
Ability to set and harden in presence of water and in absence of air
3. Lime
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
(Limestone) Calcination (Lime)
Note: CaCO3 Most stable form of lime
Impurity in lime = clay
Important technical terms
4. Slaking
Chemical reaction occurring when water is added to lime
CaO + H2O Slaking Ca(OH)2
(Lime) (Slaked lime)
Note: Slaked lime is used for white washing
5. Setting
Process of hardening of lime after it has been converted
into paste form.
Manufacture of fat lime
Classification
Based on clay content BIS Classification
1. Quick (Fat/pure) lime Class A
2. Hydraulic (Slaked) lime Class
B
3. Poor (lean) lime
Class C
Class
D
Class E
1. Quick (Fat/Pure/Caustic) lime
Product left immediately after calcination of pure lime stone
Clay content – less than 5 %
Also known as white lime, rich lime, high calcium lime, etc
When slaked, volume increases by 2-2.5 %
No hydraulicity
To get hydraulicity, add Surkhi (powder of burned bricks)
2. Hydraulic (Slaked/water) lime
Clay content – 10 to 30 %
Feebly H.L Moderately H.L Eminently H.L
Clay content – 5 to 10 % Clay content – 11 to 20 % Clay content – 21 to 30 %
Slaking is faster Slakes after 1 to 2 hours Slakes with difficulty
(few minutes)
Setting is moderate Setting is fast (1 day)
Setting is slow (3 week) (1 week) More strength (Similar to
Used for ordinary ordinary cement)
Used for superior type
masonry works masonry works Used for under water
works, damp places, etc
3. Poor (lean lime)
Also known as “impure lime”
Clay content – greater than 30 %
BIS Classification of lime
(Bureau of Industry and Security
1. Class A - Eminently H.L – Structural purposes
2. Class B - Semi H.L – Masonry works
3. Class C - Fat lime – White washing
4. Class D - Mg/Dolomite lime – finishing coat in plastering
5. Class E - Kankar – masonry mortar, soil stabilization
6. Class F - Silicious dolomite lime – under coat and finishing
coat in white washing
ASTM SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS
The following ASTM standards are referenced in the Natural Stone Institute's
Dimension Stone Design Manual, VI. To obtain copies of these standards, consult the
ASTM website: www.astm.org.
MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
ASTM C503
Standard Specification for Marble Dimension Stone (Exterior)
ASTM C568
Standard Specification for Limestone Dimension Stone
ASTM C615
Standard Specification for Granite Dimension Stone
ASTM C616
Standard Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension Stone
ASTM C629
Standard Specification for Slate Dimension Stone
ASTM C1526
Standard Specification for Serpentine Dimension Stone
ASTM C1527
Standard Specification for Travertine Dimension Stone
TEST STANDARDS
ASTM C97
Standard Test Method for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Dimension Stone
ASTM C99
Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension Stone
ASTM C120
Standard Test Method of Flexure Testing of Slate (Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Elasticity)
ASTM C121
Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Slate
ASTM C170
Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension Stone
ASTM C199
Standard Test Method for Pier Test for Refractory Mortars
ASTM C217
Standard Test Method for Weather Resistance of Slate
ASTM C241
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic
ASTM C880
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension Stone
ASTM C1028
Standard Test Method for Determining the Static Coefficient of Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by the Horizontal Dynamometer
Pull-Meter Method
ASTM C1201
Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Dimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference
ASTM C1352
Standard Test Method for Flexural Modulus of Elasticity of Dimension Stone
ASTM C1353
Standard Test Method Using the Taber Abraser for Abrasion Resistance of Dimension Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic
ASTM C1354
Standard Test Method for Strength of Individual Stone Anchorages in Dimension Stone
OTHER APPLICATION STANDARDS
ASTM Manual Series: MNL 21
Modern Stone Cladding: Design and Installation of Exterior Dimension Stone Systems. 1995.
