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Module 1 - Formation of Elements

1. This module discusses the formation of elements through different nuclear reactions like fusion and fission. 2. Light elements were formed during the Big Bang through a process called Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. 3. Stars can fuse lighter elements to form heavier ones through nuclear fusion. When large stars die in supernova explosions, even heavier elements are created.

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Anthony Christian Balce
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111 views

Module 1 - Formation of Elements

1. This module discusses the formation of elements through different nuclear reactions like fusion and fission. 2. Light elements were formed during the Big Bang through a process called Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. 3. Stars can fuse lighter elements to form heavier ones through nuclear fusion. When large stars die in supernova explosions, even heavier elements are created.

Uploaded by

Anthony Christian Balce
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 1:

FORMATION OF
ELEMENTS
After going through this module, you are expected
to:

1. Identify the different types of nuclear reactions;


2. Explain how light elements are form through Big Bang
Nucleosynthesis;
3. Describe the evolution of stars;
4. Give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier
elements during star formation and evolution; and
5. Explain how the concept of atomic number led to the synthesis
of new elements in the laboratory.
ATOM
• Are the building blocks of matter
• Smallest unit of an element

Electron

Orbital Proton

Nucleus
Neutron
NUCLEAR REACTIONS
processes in which a nucleus
either combines with another
nucleus (fusion) or splits into
smaller nuclei (fission)
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS
Answer
Activity 1.1
in Module 1
How did everything get
started?

BIG BANG

VIDEO LINK - https://youtu.be/wNDGgL73ihY


Reference: Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell
Big Bang Theory
•Explains the primordial creation
and expansion of space at the
beginning of time
•Most widely accepted theory of
how the universe begin
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
Process of nuclei formation

1.Big Bang
2.Stellar
3.Supernova
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
•Also known as the primordial
nucleosynthesis
•light elements were produced during
the expansion of the universe
•Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium and
Berylium
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
1. The Big Bang is an expansion of the
space.
2. As the universe expands, it cools.
3. The more energetic the particles are,
the higher the temperature will be.
4. The identity of the elements depends
on how many proton it has.
ISOTOPES

Chemical elements that has the same


number of protons but different number of
neutrons (greater or lesser atomic mass)
than the standard for that element
Which combination
will form Lithium and
Berylium?
Answer
Activity 1.2
in Module 1
Stellar Nucleosynthesis
•Star – A very hot ball of gas (plasma)
•Nuclear Fusion (15,000,000°C)
•Form heavy elements such as Carbon,
Neon, Oxygen, Silicon and Iron

VIDEO LINK - https://youtu.be/EFO_bsg1sw8


Reference: National Geographic
VIDEO LINK - https://youtu.be/7E-0j90Cwpk
Reference: NASA Goddard
Stars much larger than our Sun can fuse heavier elements from lighter
elements.

As you proceed deeper into the star, temperatures and pressures increase, and
heavier and heavier nuclei are fused together.

Iron - The heaviest element that can be made in a star.

Elements heavier than iron have fusion reactions with temperature and
pressure requirements greater than those that can occur within the core of a
giant star.
Supernova Nucleosynthesis
•Supernova – Explosion of a star

•When a star runs out of nuclear fuel


(lighter nuclei) and can no longer
undergo fusion reactions, gravity
causes the star to collapse

VIDEO LINK - https://youtu.be/YIKXvDlf8_0


Reference: Astronimate
VIDEO LINK - https://youtu.be/YfbkfBSnhJU
Reference: Gabriela
• The explosion of the star momentarily
generates high enough temperatures and
pressures to cause nuclear fusion reactions that
make elements with atomic numbers 27-92
(Cobalt to Uranium).

• Since only the largest stars can explode in


supernovae events, elements with atomic
numbers 27-92 are rarer than elements with
atomic numbers 1-26
Relative Abundance of the Elements in
our Universe
Supernova Nucleosynthesis
•Supernova – Explosion of a star
•Types:
•Neutron
• Slow Neutron Capture
• Rapid Neutron Capture
•Proton Capture
ATOMIC NUMBER AND
THE SYNTHESIS OF
NEW ELEMENTS
Johann Wolfgang
Dobereiner
• German chemist
• In 1829, elements were
grouped into three
“Dobereiner’s Triad”
according to their
atomic masses
John Newlands
• British chemist
• He arranged the
elements in increasing
atomic masses every
eighth “Newlands
Octaves”
• 56 new elements
Dmitri Ivanovich
Mendeleev
• Russian chemist
• The physical and
chemical properties of
elements are a periodic
function of their atomic
masses “Mendeleev
Periodic Table”
• First 63 elements
Henry Gwyn
Jeffreys Moseley
• English physicist
• The physical and
chemical properties of
elements are a periodic
function of their atomic
numbers “Modern
Periodic Law”
• Process of discovery: Nuclear
transmutation is a reaction involving
the transformation of one element or
isotope into another element.
• Date of discovery: 1937
• Person who discovered: Ernest
Lawrence
• How it was discovered?: In 1937,
American physicist Ernest
Lawrence synthesized element with
atomic number 43 using a linear
particle accelerator. He bombarded
molybdenum (Z=42) with fast-
moving neutrons. Discovery of Element
43 Technetium (Tc)
• Process of discovery: Through
studies in radioactivity, Element-
61was discovered as a decay product
of the fission of uranium.
• Date of discovery: 1945
• Person who discovered: Jacob. A.
Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin
and Charles D. Coryell
• How it was discovered?: produced it
from fission products of uranium.
Promethium-147 was isolated by ion-
exchange chromatography.

Discovery of Element
61 Promethium (Pm)
• Process of discovery: Nuclear
transmutation is a reaction involving the
transformation of one element or isotope
into another element.
• Date of discovery: 1940
• Person who discovered: Dale Corson,
Kenneth Mackenzie, and Emilio Segre
• How it was discovered?: In 1940, Dale
Corson, Kenneth Mackenzie, and Emilio
Segre discovered element with atomic
number 85. They bombarded atoms of
bismuth (Z=83) with fast-moving alpha
particles in a cyclotron. A cyclotron is a
particle accelerator that uses alternating
electric field to accelerate particles that
move in a spiral path in the presence of a
magnetic field.
Discovery of Element
85 Astatine (As)
• Process of discovery:
Through studies in
radioactivity, Element-61was
discovered as a decay product
of the fission of actinium.
• Date of discovery: 1939
• Person who discovered:
Marguerite Perey
• How it was discovered?: It
was a by-product of the decay
of actinium-227. Discovery of Element
87 Francium (Fr)

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