MQTT: – A protocol for the

Internet of Things
 Introduction to MQTT
• MQTT stands for MQ Telemetry Transport.

• Publish/subscribe.

• Constrained devices and low-bandwidth, high-latency or unreliable networks.

• Minimise network bandwidth and device resource requirements whilst also attempting to ensure reliability and

some degree of assurance of delivery.

• Ideal for M2M and IoT

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History of MQTT

MQTT was developed by Andy Stanford-Clark (IBM) and

Arlen Nipper (Cirrus Link) in 1999

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Getting Connected

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Using Wireless Technologies

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Using HTTP

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 HTT
P
• HTTP is pull only - your toaster can only send data to the server whenever it wants (e.g. "Toast is done!").

• If it wants to pull data from the server, it has to constantly connect and ask ("Any updates to the Toast darkness level?"

"What about now?" "Anything now?“)

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 HTTP Working
• HTTP is pull only - your toaster can only send data to the server whenever it wants (e.g. "Toast is

done!").

• If it wants to pull data from the server, it has to constantly connect and ask ("Any updates to the Toast

darkness level?" "What about now?" "Anything now?“)

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 Need for MQTT
Bandwidth-efficient and uses little battery

Publish/subscribe architecture

Publish/Subscribe is event-driven

MQTT broker

Highly scalable solutions.

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 MQTT Broker

 Broker is the heart of any publish/subscribe protocol.

 The broker is primarily responsible for receiving all messages, filtering them, decide who is interested in it
and then sending the message to all subscribed clients.

 It also holds the session of all persisted clients including subscriptions and missed messages.

 Authentication and authorization of clients.

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 MQTT Client

 A MQTT client is any device from a micro controller up to a full fledged server, that has a MQTT library

running and is connecting to an MQTT broker over any kind of network

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Publishing Telemetry Data

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Publishing Telemetry Data

If this connection is interrupted by any circumstances, the MQTT broker can buffer all messages

and send them to the client when it is back online.

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MQTT Connection

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HTTP vs MQTT

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MQTT Pocket Header

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 Client Connection Parameters
ClientId:

It is an identifier of each MQTT client connecting to a MQTT broker.

Clean Session:

The clean session flag indicates the broker, whether the client wants to establish persistent session or not.

Username/Password:

MQTT allows to send a username and password for authenticating the client and also authorization

Will Message
It allows to notify other clients, when a client disconnects ungracefully.

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 Client Connection Parameters
KeepAlive
The keep alive is a time interval, the clients commits to by sending regular PING Request messages to the broker.

Session Present flag
The session present flag indicate, whether the broker already has a persistent session of the client from previous interactions

Connect acknowledge flag

The second flag in the CONNACK is the connect acknowledge flag. It signals the client, if the connection attempt was
successful and otherwise what the issue is.

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Sample Working of MQTT

Hierarchical architecture
House

Public Space Private Space

Living Bed Bath

Kitchen room room
room

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Sample Topic

Sending living room temperature

• Topic : “house/living-room/temperature”

• Topic : “house/Kitchen/temperature”

Subscription

• house/living-room/temperature

• house/+/temperature

• house/kitchen/temperature

•  house/#

- subscribing to all topics beginning with house.

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QoS in MQTT

At most once (QoS 0)

At least once (QoS 1)

Exactly once (QoS 2)

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At most once (QoS 0) “fire and forget

The minimal level is zero and it guarantees a best effort delivery. A message won’t be

acknowledged by the receiver or stored and redelivered by the sender.

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At least once (QoS 1)

The association of PUBLISH and PUBACK is done by comparing the packet identifier in each
packet. If the PUBACK isn’t received in a reasonable amount of time the sender will resend the
PUBLISH message. If a receiver gets a message with QoS 1

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Exactly once (QoS 2)

The highest QoS is 2, it guarantees that each message is received only once by the counterpart.
It is the safest and also the slowest quality of service level. The guarantee is provided by two
flows there and back between sender and receiver.

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MQTT Demo

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MQTT Broker Address :broker.hivemq.com
MQTT Port :1883

Topicname: mqtt/iot/2021

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Topicname: mqtt/iot/2021

mqtt/iot/2021/
“Hello From ravi”

username/feeds/feedname

Example : sgravi2/feeds/test
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 MQTT Broker
Hi Hi
Hi From From
From ravi ravi
ravi
Client4 Client2
Nodemcu Mqtt
Client1 Subscriber
Publisher

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 MQTT Broker
Hi
Hi

Client4
Nodemcu Mqtt
Client1 Publisher
Subscriber

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 MQTT Broker

Hi

Hi
Client4
Nodemcu Mqtt
Client1 Publisher
Subscriber

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 MQTT Broker

0
0

Client4 Client2 Client5 Client2 Client3

Nodemcu Mqtt
Client1
Subscriber
Publisher
Subscriber
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Adafruit Cloud Demo

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DHT Sensor Integration to Adafruit Cloud

+ve of DHT to 3.3v

-vexof DHT to GND

DATA of DHT to D1(GPIO5)

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Trigger an Event

Cloud

Temp Sensor
ON/OFF

NodeMCU

DHT11 LED

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LED Control Using Cloud

+ve of LED to D1(GPIO5)

-ve of LED to GND

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DHT Sensor Integration to Adafruit Cloud

+ve of DHT to 3.3v

-ve of DHT to GND

DATA of DHT to D1(GPIO5)

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Deep Sleep Mode

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IoT Based Home Automation

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Relay(SPDT)

Switch

Electrical isolation between high voltage and low voltage circuits

Eg., Controlling electrical fan and bulb using microcontroller

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Working of relay

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IoT Based Home Automation Using Google Assistance

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