Earth

Exploration of Earth and

Space 4
Textbook page: 25
Contents of This Chapter
9.1 The System and Structure of The Earth

9.2 Substance of the Earth

9.3 Main processes of the Earth

9.4 Geohazard Phenomena

9.5 Age of the Earth

9.6 Earth Resources and Applied Geology

 9.1 The system and
Structure of The Earth
 Learning Content

1 2 3
Differences in Earth Earth can sustain
System of the Earth
layers life
Realise that Earth is the only
Earth structure, air layers and Based on composition and
place that can sustain life
water distribution. physical characteristics
based on its physical
characteristic.
 1
Earth Structure
and Component
 4 Main Components / Sphere
Hydrosphere
Water zone that includes rivers,
Atmosphere
lakes, seas and water trapped as Air zone covering the
ice, underground water and water Earth’s surface.
vapours.

Biosphere
Geosphere
Life zone consists of a
Rock and soil zone on the variety of life such as
Earth’s surface. humans, animals plants
and microorganisms.
Atmospheric
Stratification
5 Layers
 • Contains light gases such as helium and hydrogen.
• Air becomes thinner towards space.
• Communication satellites
480 km and
above

• Also known as the ionosphere (contains ions that reflect

80-480 km radio waves)
• Aurora and atmospheric gases occurs here

50 km – 80 km • Burning and destruction of meteorites happens here.

13-50 km • Suitable for aircraft flights.

• Contains ozone layer (O3).

0-13 km
• Layer where living organism breathes, wind blows and
clouds, rain and snow form.
Air Pressure VS
Alitude
• The higher the altitude, the lower the
air pressure.

• Temperature also will gets lower when

altitude increases.
Ocean
Stratification
Ocean division is based on light
penetration from light can penerate
zone to light cannot penetrate zone
(dark zone).
Water
Distribution
Water Cycle
Distribution of Water on Earth
1. Water level on Earth is maintained by the
process called as water cycle.
2. Water cycle is a continuous process,
3. Thus, the amount of water contained in
Earth, on Earth’s surface and in the
atmosphere is always constant.
Earth’s Layers
1. Earth has 3 main layers based on its physical properties: crust, mantle and core.
2. Mantle: lithosphere, asthenosphere and mesosphere.
3. Lithosphere covers the crust and top part of the mantel.
 Why Earth is the Only Home for Living
Things in Solar System?

Suitable Location in Present of Present of Protective

Temperature Solar System Water Oxygen Atmosphere
Answer
1. Atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere,
biosphere.
2. Dark zone. Less penetration of light
thus, the fish need to use light to find
food.
Composition and
Main Process of
Earth Textbook page: 25
4
9.2 Composition
of The Earth
Textbook: 261
1. Earth’s crust formed from 4. All rocks contains minerals.
various types of rocks that have
different colours, structure
texture and formation.

Introduction

3 Groups of rocks:
3. Each type of rock forms differently
and takes thousand years to form.
Igneous rocks Metamorphic rocks

Sedimentary rocks
 Types and Characteristics of Rocks
Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock

Formation: Through Formation: compression of Formation: igneous

process of cooling and deposited materials rocks/sedimentary rock
freezing of magma/lava. carried by rivers, glacier are exposed to very high
and wind. pressure & temperature.
Contains lots of minerals. Contains many layers. Usually harder than the
Sometimes hollow and original rocks that formed
contain fossils. them.
Sedimentary rock
With Fossil
Process of Rock Formation
9.3 Main
Processes of
The Earth
Introduction

Earth’s surface is formed by two

processes:

Exogenic process

Endogenic process
 Erosion
Process of eroding of the
Weathering
Earth’s surface by moving
It is a process of rock
agents such as water, wind
fragmentation and
and wave.
decomposition due to
changes in temperature,
rainwater, frosting and
microorganisms.

Exogenic
Mass and Land Depletion
Transport & Process Involved in soil movement
curs on
Sedimentation Process that oc from the top of a slope to
e.
Earth’s surfac
Weathered or corroded below as a result of
materials will be moved by gravitational forces.
agents such as water wind,
waves and glaciers. These
materials will be
sedimented when the
agent’s velocity decreases.
 Mantle convection process
High temperature in mantle Endoge
and the Earth’s core
produces convection currents
mantle
nic
in the asthenosphere layer.
These currents are able to • Process that is caused by
Process
move Earth’s crust. forces from within the
Earth.
• Forms and chages the
Earth’s surface.

Earth’s Crust Movement (Plate Magma Activity

Tectonics) Volcano is a vent on the Earth’s
Theory of Plate Tectonics, the crust that allows molten and hot
Earth’s crust is divided into magma to flow out through atrong
several pieces of plates. These eruption.
plates constantly move resulting The erupted materials accumulate
in collision and divergence which around the slope of the vent and
produce various landforms on form volcanic cones.
Earth and continental drifts. .
Mantle Convection Process
Earth’s Crust Movement Theory
 Formative Practice 9.2

1. Sedimentary rocks: From cooling and

Exercises freeing of magma/lava that flows out of

the mantle.
Igneous rocks: compression of deposited
materials carried by water, glacier and
wind.
Metamorphic rocks: very high pressure
and temperature on SR or IR
2. Because igneous rocks forms from
magma which is not suitable for living
things.

Formative Practice 9.3

1. Exogenic : Process that happen on Earth’s surface.

Endogenic : Process that happen by the force
within the Earth.
2. Water, wind waves
3. A theory that states the Earth’s crust is divided into
several pieces of plates. These plates constantly move
resulting continental drifts.
9.4
Geohazard
Phenomena
Textbook: 265
Learning Objectives:
1. Communicate about geohazards.
2. Generate ideas on the importance of science
and technology to prepare for geohazards.
3. Realise that environmental disasters affect
human livelihood.
 Consequences of the Endogenic Process
1. Still remember what is Endogenic Process?
2. Endogenic process leads to the occurrence of geohazards. Tsunami
3. These are the examples of geohazards:

Global warming
Volcanism

Earthquake
Landslide Sinkhole
Sinkhole Formation
Science & Technology for Geohazards
Preparation

Tsunami Detector

Landslide detector
Seismograph
 Loss of Life
Diseases

What Are The Impacts of Geohazards

to Humans?

Starvation
Damage to
Properties
9.5 Age
of Earth
Learning Objectives
1. Geological time scale of the Earth.
2. Method to determine the age of the Earth.
3. Fossils
4. The importance of fossils.
1

M.Y.: Millions
years
3
Geological Time Scale
1. It is estimated that the Earth’s age is about 4.5 billion years: based on meteorites
obtained.
2. Geologists define a long period of time is ERA.
3. Each era is divided into difference PERIODS.
4. There are 3 eras:

Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenzoic

6 periods 3 periods 2 periods

 Fossil
● Definition: Earth’s materials such as
plants, animals and insects that have
been submerged and burried for a
long period of time.
● Word fossils originates from Latin
word “fossilis”: obtained from
digging.
● Carbon dating is a technique used to
determine the age of the fossils.
Importance of fossils to current scientific
development:

● Provide information about

evolution of animals and plants
over million years.
● Provide information about
species that have gone extinct.
Moeritherium Skull EVOLUTION TREE OF ELEPHANT
Exercises

1. 500 million years

ago.
2. Dinosaur
3. 1000 million years
ago.
1. Volcano, earthquake,
tsunami, sinkhole etc.
2. Diseases, loss of life etc.
3. Tsunami detector, seismograph,
landslide detector.
9.6 Earth’s
Resources and
Applied
Geology
Textbook: 270
Learning Objectives
1. Surface water and its risks.
2. Importance of underground water and its risks.
3. Economic minerals.
4. Formation of petroleum and coal.
5. Hydrothermal process.
6. Negative effects of unplanned human activities on all living things on Earth.
 Surface Water and Underground Water
Surface water Underground
water

Water on Fills up the empty spaces between Also known

Seas, ponds,
the Earth’s soil particles & layers of permeable as aquifer
rivers, lake.
surface. rocks

May be
polluted by: Can be polluted by:

Fertilisers Fertilisers
Pesticides
Pesticides
Waste from Chemicals from
housing areas industrial & landfills
 Economic Minerals

Metallic Non- metallic Rare earth

minerals

Iron ore, tin, gold Coal, petroleum More than 1/17 rare earth
elements inside the Earth
crust.
 Rare earth minerals
1. Even though almost all rare earth minerals can
be found in abundance, it is not easy to
separate them as an element.
2. Rare earth minerals have unique properties
makes them important in modern technology.
3. Computers, DVDs, communication devices
and other technologies use rare earth minerals.
4. Example: Neodymium, a type of rare earth
minerals which is used to make very strong,
permanent magnet in electronic devices
including smartphone.
Formation of Coal and Petroleum
Formation of Coal

Formation of Petroleum
Hydrothermal Pro
 Formation of hot spring

• Water is heated naturally by heat

from the Earth.
• This process is known as
hydrothermal.
• Some country use hydrothermal
process to generate electric.
Unplanned Human Activities and Their
Negative Effects
Exercise
 Consequences
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun in the
Sea ​level Rise Solar System

Extreme Weather Venus has a beautiful name and is the second

Conditions planet from the Sun

Saturn is a planet composed of hydrogen and

Increased Precipitation helium

It’s the biggest planet of all them in the Solar

Risks To The Nature System
At the world

They are the locations with more

effects by the climate change. You can
enter some text here to explain this
map:

Mars is a cold place

Saturn has rings

Expenditures in the World Economy
Asia Europe
23,8% 15,0%

Africa North America

7,5% 22,5%

South America Oceania

23,8% 7,5%

To modify this graph, click on the link, change the data and paste the new graph here
5,030.800
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
 Our planet
● Mercury is the closest and
smallest planet
● Venus has a good name and is
the second
● Saturn has composed for
hydrogen and helium
● Jupiter is the biggest planet of
all them
 Water in Climate Change

9,700 6,800
Liters in 2020 Liters in 2018

8,030 7,568
Liters in 2019 Liters in 2017
A Picture Is
Worth A
Thousand
Words!
 2
Tips and
Recommendations
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
 Recommendations

Eco Light Bio Fruits No Plastic

Despite being red, Mars is Jupiter is a gas giant and the Saturn is composed of
actually a cold place biggest planet hydrogen and helium
 Why Earth is the Only Home for Living
Things in Solar System?

Suitable Location in Present of Present of Protective

Temperature Solar System Water Oxygen Atmosphere
 Also Save the Animals

In Oceans In Forests
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun It has a beautiful name and is the second
in the Solar System planet from the Sun
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom that
someone important said and can make the
reader get inspired.”

— Eco Organization
 Tips for Save the planet

Mercury Venus Mars

It’s the closest planet to Venus is the second planet Mars is actually a cold
the Sun from the Sun place, not hot

Jupiter Saturn Neptune

It’s the biggest planet of It’s composed of hydrogen It’s the farthest planet
all them and helium from the Sun
 Another graph

Plastic
Other
To modify this graph,
click on the link, change
the data and paste the
new graph here 2018 2019 2020 2021
 3
Practice Zero
Waste Concept
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
To do Volunteering Works...
A picture always reinforces the concept: Images reveal large amounts of data,
so remember, use an image instead of texts
Principal Recycling

Paper/ Cardboard 65%

It’s the farthest planet from the Sun

Glass 20%

It’s the closest planet to the Sun

Plastic 80%

Mars is a cold place, not hot

 Percentages

+30% +70%
Venus has a Mercury is the
beautiful name closest planet to
and is the second the Sun in the
planet Solar System
 Green Tree of Features
Mercury Mars

B C
Mercury is the Mars is actually a
closest planet to the cold place. This
Sun and smallest planet is full of iron
one oxide dust

Venus
A D Jupiter
It has a beautiful Jupiter is a gas giant
name and is the and the biggest
second planet from planet in the Solar
the Sun System
 Sustainable Development
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun and the smallest one
in the Solar System—it’s only
a bit larger than our Moon.
The planet’s name has nothing
to do with the liquid metal
since it was named after the
Roman messenger god,
Mercury
 Sustainable Features Matrix
Sustainable Development
Promote Neptune is the farthest planet Favors
from the Sun

Health Environment
It’s the smallest planet in the It’s composed mostly of
Solar System hydrogen and helium

Values
Improvement It’s the biggest planet in the Stimulates
Solar System
Think
Green
Green
Technology.1
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 Our Eco Team

Mr. Ground Mr. Water Mrs. Air

Despite being red, Mars is Jupiter is a gas giant and the Saturn is composed of
actually a cold place biggest planet hydrogen and helium
Thank You!
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