Analysis and Simulation

of Electric Circuits (EME 208)

Spring 2011

1
Syllabus
 Mutual Inductance
 RC & RL Circuits (Revision)
 RLC Circuits
 Laplace Transform Application
 The Frequency Response
 Non-sinusoidal Periodic Inputs
 The Two Port Networks
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Assumed Knowledge
 AC Circuits; R,L, and C Circuits
 (EME 207)
 Differential Equations
 The Laplace Transform
 The Fourier Series

3
 Resourses
 These Notes
 Nilsson and Riedel; “Electric Circuits”
 Alexander and Sadiku; “Fundamentals
of Electric Circuits”
 Exercise Sheets

4
 Course Evaluation
 Laboratory Attendance and Reports; (20 Points)
 Two Mid-Term Exams; (20 Points)
 Assignments; (10 Points)
 Final Exam; (50 Points)

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 Chapter 1
The Mutual Inductance

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

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:Contents

1. Capacitance and Inductance

2. What is a transformer?
3. Mutual Inductance
4. Energy in a Coupled Circuit

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 Capacitors (1)
 A capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy
in its electric field.

 A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated

by an insulator (or dielectric).
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 Capacitors (2)
 If i is flowing into the +ve
terminal of C
 Charging => i is +ve
 Discharging => i is –ve
 The current-voltage relationship of capacitor according to
above convention is

dv 1 t
iC
dt
and v
C 
t0
i d t  v(t0 )

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 Capacitors (3)
 The energy, w, stored in the
capacitor is
1
w Cv 2

 A capacitor is
 an open circuit to dc (dv/dt = 0). (i=Cdv/dt).

 its voltage cannot change abruptly.

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 Inductors (1)
 An inductor is a passive element designed to store
energy in its magnetic field.

 An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.

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 Inductors (2)

 Inductance is the property

whereby an inductor
exhibits opposition to the di
change of current flowing
vL
dt
through it, measured in
henrys (H).

 The unit of inductors is Henry (H), mH (10–3) and H

(10–6).
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 Inductors (3)
 The current-voltage relationship of an
inductor:
di 1 t
vL
dt
i
L  t0
v(t ) d t  i (t0 )
 The energy stored by an inductor:

1
w Li 2

2
 An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc (di/dt = 0) and its
current cannot change abruptly. 13
Current and Voltage Relations

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 ?What is a transformer
 It is an electric device designed on the basis
of the concept of magnetic coupling
 It uses magnetically coupled coils to transfer
energy from one circuit to another
 It is the key circuit elements for stepping up
or stepping down ac voltages or currents,
impedance matching, isolation, etc.

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Ideal Transformer
 An ideal transformer consists of two coils wound on
the same core.

V2 N 2 I 2 N1 1
 n  
V1 N1 I1 N 2 n

Ideal Transformer )a( V2>V1→ step-up transformer

Circuit symbol )b( V2<V1→ step-down transformer
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 Mutual Inductance (1)
 It is the ability of one inductor to induce a voltage across a
neighboring inductor, measured in henrys (H).

di1 di2
v2  M 21 v1  M 12
dt dt

The open-circuit mutual The open-circuit mutual

voltage across coil 2 voltage across coil 1
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 Mutual Inductance (2)
THE ‘DOT’ CONVENTION

 The mutual voltage is positive if both currents enter (or leave) the
dotted terminal of the corresponding coils.
 The mutual voltage is negative if one current enters while the other
leaves the dotted terminal of the corresponding coils.

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Illustration of the dot convention.
The Mutual voltage

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= =

= =

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 Coils in Series and Dot Markings
Dot convention for coils in series; the sign indicates the
polarity of the mutual voltage; (a) series-aiding connection,
(b) series-opposing connection.

L  L1  L2  2M L  L1  L2  2M
(series - aiding connection) (series-opposing connection)

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Time and Frequency Domains
Time-domain
analysis of a circuit
containing coupled
coils.

Frequency-domain
analysis of a circuit
containing coupled
coils

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 Example (1)
Calculate the phasor currents I1 and I2 in the circuit
.shown below

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 Example (1)
For coil 1, KVL gives
(−j 4 + j 5) I1 − j 3 I2 = 12
or
j I1 − j 3I2 = 12

For coil 2, KVL gives

−j 3 I1 + (12 + j 6) I2 = 0
or
I1 = (12 + j6)I2 / j3
= (2 − j4) I2

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I2   2.9114.04A I1  13.01  49.39A
4 j 24
 Coupling Coefficient & Energy
 The coupling coefficient, k, is a measure of the
magnetic coupling between two coils; 0≤k≤1.

M  k L1 L2

 The instantaneous energy stored in the circuit is given

by
1 2 1 2
w  L1i1  L2i2  Mi1i2
2 2 25
 Example (2)
Consider the circuit below. Determine the coupling coefficient.
Calculate the energy stored in the coupled inductors at time
t = 1s if v=60cos(4t +30°) V.

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 Example (2)

I 2  3.254160.6 A
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Example (2)
i2  3.254 cos(4t  160.6 )


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