Wireless LANs and PANs
01204325: Data Communication
and Computer Networks
Asst. Prof. Chaiporn Jaikaeo, Ph.D.
[email protected] http://www.cpe.ku.ac.th/~cpj
Adapted from lecture slides by Behrouz A. Forouzan Computer Engineering Department
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
Materials taken from lecture slides by Karl and Willig
Outline
Electromagnetic spectrum and ISM bands
IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi)
Bluetooth
IEEE 802.15.4
2
Electromagnetic Spectrum
RF range
Government regulations make specific ranges
of the electromagnetic spectrum available for
communication
A license is required to operate transmission
equipment in some parts of the spectrum
Some parts are unlicensed
3
ISM Bands
Industrial, Scientific, and Medical frequency
bands
Can operate without FCC licenses
Tx output power 1 watt
Eliminate cost and time consuming for licenses
915 MHz* 2.45 GHz 5.8 GHz
26
100 MHz 150 MHz
MHz
902 928 2.40 2.50 5.725 5.875
MHz MHz GHz GHz GHz GHz
* Region 2 only
4
Wireless LANs:
IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi)
IEEE 802.11
IEEE Standard for Wireless LANs
Covers both physical and data link layers
Wi-Fi Access points Wi-Fi Router
6
WLAN Architectures
Basic Service Set (BSS)
Extended Service Set (ESS)
7
Basic Service Set (BSS)
(Ad hoc mode) (Infrastructure mode)
8
Extended Service Set (ESS)
9
IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer
IEEE 802.11 MAC
802.11 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n
1-2 Mbps 6-54 Mbps 1-11 Mbps 6-54 Mbps 7.2-150 Mbps
2.4 GHz 5 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4, 5 GHz
FHSS OFDM DSSS OFDM OFDM
DSSS DSSS
IR
10
IEEE 802.11b/g Channels
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WLAN_channels
11
IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer
PCF – Point Coordination Function (controlled access)
DCF – Distributed Coordination Function (random access)
12
CSMA/CA Used by 802.11
Basic CSMA/CA not enough
"Hidden Terminal Problem"
A B C
13
CSMA/CA With RTS/CTS
A B C D
RTS
CTS
NAV
Data NAV
ACK
NAV
Network Allocation Vector
(Virtual Carrier Sensing)
14
IEEE 802.11 and Wi-Fi
IEEE 802.11 provides most of the
standards
A group of vendors who build
wireless equipment formed the Wi-Fi
Alliance
A non-profit organization that tests and
certifies wireless equipment using the
802.11 standards
15
Wireless PANs: Bluetooth
Bluetooth Standard
Wireless Personal Area Network
technology
Designed for connecting devices with
different functionalities:
Telephone, mouse, keyboard, camera, etc.
Standard IEEE 802.15.1
17
Bluetooth Piconet
18
Bluetooth Scatternet
19
Bluetooth Layers
20
Bluetooth Communication
Single slave
21
Bluetooth Communication
Multiple slaves
22
Low-Rate Wireless PANs:
IEEE 802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4
IEEE standard for Low-Rate WPAN
(LR-WPAN) applications
Low-to-medium bit rates
Moderate delays without too strict
requirements
Low cost, low energy consumption
Applications
Home automation and security
systems
Smart metering
Wireless data collection
24
IEEE 802.15.4 Physical
Operating frequency bands
Channel 0 Channels 1-10 2 MHz
868.3 MHz 902 MHz 928 MHz
868MHz (20 kbps) 915 MHz (40 kbps)
2.4 GHz
PHY Channels 11-26 5 MHz
2.4 GHz 2.4835 GHz
2.4 GHz (250 kbps)
25
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
Single channel at any one time
Combines contention-based and schedule-
based schemes
Asymmetric: nodes can assume different
roles
26
IEEE 802.15.4 Devices
Full function device (FFD)
Any topology
Network coordinator capable
Talks to any other device
Reduced function device (RFD)
Limited to star topology
Cannot become a network coordinator
Talks only to a network coordinator
Very simple implementation
27
IEEE 802.15.4 Topologies
28
