Chapter 1
Binary System and Hexadecimal
System
What is Denary?
We use Denary ( Decimal) System with digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Denary system is base 10 system
For example the number 236
200 30 6 Different values
Why?
• Each digit have place value according to its position in the numerical system.
• In Denary system, the place value =10n
where n start from 0 at rightmost and is increased by 1 from right to left.
Eg. 4810
103 102 101 100
Place Value
1000 100 10 1
Number 4 8 1 0
4810 = (4*1000) + (8*100) + (1*10) + (1*0)
Binary System
Computer use Binary System
Binary System is a base 2 system with only two digit (bit) 0 or 1.
For Example : 1011
In Binary, the place value = (2n) where n is increased from right to left
23 22 21 20
Place Value
8 4 2 1
Number 1 0 1 1
Converting Binary to Denary
Example1 : Find the equivalent denary number of 10101101
Place value 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
128 + 32 + 8+ 4+ 1=173
10101101=173
Converting Binary to Denary
Example1 : Find the equivalent Denary number of 1100
8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0
8 + 4 = 12
1100 = 12
Converting Denary to Binary (Method 1)
Example1 : Find the equivalent Binary number of 69
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
69 – 64 = 5
5 - 4= 1
1 - 1= 0
69 = 01000101
Converting Denary to Binary (Method 1)
Example1 : Find the equivalent Binary number of 213
Place 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Value
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
213 – 128 = 85
85 - 64= 21
21 - 16= 5
5- 4 = 1
1 - 1= 0
213 = 11010101
Converting Decimal to Binary (Method 2)
For example : Find the equivalent Binary number of 69
2 69 R
2 34 1
2 17 0
2 8 1
2 4 0 Bottom to up
2 2 0
2 1 0
0 1
The denary number 69= 1000101
Converting Decimal to Binary (Method 2)
For example : Find the equivalent Binary number of 213
2 213 R
2 106 1
2 53 0
2 26 1
2 13 0 Bottom to up
2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1
The denary number 213= 11010101
Measurement of the size of computer
memories
A binary digit is commonly referred to as a BIT; 4 bits are referred to as
nibble and 8 bits are usually referred to as a BYTE. (1 byte= 8 bits).
The byte is the smallest unit of memory in a computer.
Name of memory size Number of bits Equivalent denary value
1 kilobyte (1 KB) 210 1 024 bytes
1 megabyte (1 MB) 220 1 048 576 bytes
1 gigabyte (1 GB) 230 1 073 741 824 bytes
1 terabyte (1 TB) 240 1 099 511 627 776 bytes
1 petabyte (1 PB) 250 1 125 899 906 842 624
bytes
Example
If the download speed for internet is 32 megabit per second, how long
would it take to download a 40 MB file (in second)?
32 megabit= 4MB
4MB = 1 sec
40MB = 10 sec
Usage of Binary number
Register
Is a group of bit
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
Can store data, instruction and address.
When computers (or microprocessors) are used to control devices
(such as robots), registers are used as part of the control system.
Example
The following example describes how registers can be used in controlling a simple
device. A robot vacuum cleaner has three wheels, A, B and C. A rotates on a
spindle to allow for direction changes B and C are fixed to revolve around their
axles to provide only forward and backward movement, and have an electric motor
attached:
An 8-bit register is used to control the movement of the robot vacuum cleaner:
If the register contains 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
‘motor B is ON and motor C is ON
and both motors are turning to produce
Backward motion’.
The vacuum cleaner is moving Backword
Hexadecimal System (hex)
Hexadecimal is another number system used by computers.
Hexadecimal is a base 16 system with digits
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A(=10), B (=11), C (=12), D (=13), E (=14),
F (=15)
In Hexadecimal, the place value is power of 16 (16n) in which the
power(n) is increased from right to left
For Example : 1A9
Place Value 162 161 160
256 16 1
Number 1 A 9
Hexadecimal
It is fast and simple to convert between hexadecimal numbers and
binary.
How many number of bits are used to represent hexa digit.
F=15=?
8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1
F=15=1111
Binary used 4 bit to represent hexadecimal
Hexadecimal can be used to write large binary number is just a few
digit which makes it easier to read, write and understand.
Hexadecimal
HEXA Denary Binary HEXA Denary Binary
0 0 0000 A 10 1010
1 1 0001 B 11 1011
8421
2 2 0010 C 12 1100
3 3 0011 D 13 1101
8421 8421
4 4 0100 E 14 1110
5 5 0101 F 15 1111
6 6 0110
7 7 0111
8 8 1000
9 9 1010
Converting binary to Hexadecimal
For Example 1:
101111100001
Split this into 4 bit group
1011 1110 0001
8421 8421 8421
1011 1110 0001
11 14 1
B E 1
I01I11100001= BE1
Converting binary to Hexadecimal
For Example 2: 10000111111101
10 0001 1111 1101
10 0001 1111 1101
8421 8421 8421 8421
0010 0001 1111 1101
2 1 F D
100 0 0 I 111111 0 l= 21FD
Converting Hexadecimal to Binary
For Example 1:
45A
4 5 A
8421 8421 8421
0100 0101 1010
45A=010001011010
Converting Hexadecimal to Binary
For Example 1:
2BF
2 B F
8421 8421 8421
0010 1011 1111
2BF=001010111111
Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal
For Example : 45A
162 161 160
4 5 A
(4 * 256=1024) + (5 * 16=80 ) + (10* 1=10) = 1114
45A= 1114
multiply each digit by its place
value
Add the totals together
Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal
For Example : 2BF
162 161 160
2 B F
(2* 256=512) + (11 * 16=176 ) + (15* 1=15) = 703
2BF= 703
multiply each digit by its place
value
Add the totals together
Exercise
1. Find the hexadecimal number of 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
2. Find the binary number of B F 0
Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal
For example : Convert denary number 162 to Hexa decimal
16 162 R Hexa
16 10 2 2
Bottom to up
0 10 A
The denary number 162 = A2 Successive division by 16
The remainders are read from
BOTTOM to TOP to give the
hexadecimal value.
Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal
For example : Convert denary number 2004 to Hexa decimal
16 2004 R Hexa
16 125 4 4
16 7 13 D Bottom to up
0 7 7
The denary number 2004= 7D4
Usage of HexaDecimal
Memory Dump
Is the process in which contents of a memory are displayed and stored
if application or system crashes.
00990F60 54 68 69 73 …………..
Color code
Used in HTML
Three primary colors (red, green, blue) is determined by its
hexadecimal 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000
Red FF 00 00
Green 00 FF 00
Blue 00 FF 00
Eg. <body bgcolor=FF0000>
Usage of HexaDecimal
ASCII CODE
Can be represented using hexadecimal values or decimal values.
Eg A = 65(decimal) = 41(hexa)
Assembly code and machine code
Using hexadecimal makes it much easier, faster and less error prone
to write code compared to binary.
A5E4 FFA4 (machine code using hexadecimal)
Usage of Hexadecimal
Media Access Control Address (MAC)
Is a unique number which identifies a device on the internet .
Is assigned by manufacture company.
A MAC address is usually made up of 48 bits which are shown as six groups of
hexadecimal digits (although 64-bit addresses are also known):
NN - NN - NN - DD - DD – DD or
NN:NN:NN:DD:DD:DD
where the first half (NN - NN - NN) is the identity number of the manufacturer of
the device
the second half (DD- DD - DD) is the serial number of the device.
eg 00 – 1C – B3 – 4F – 25 – FE
Advantages of Hexa Decimal
Easier to read, understand and remember
Short way to represent binary
Fewer errors made
Easier to debug error.
Six binary or hexadecimal numbers and six denary conversions are given.
Draw a line to connect each binary or hexadecimal number to the correct denary
conversion.
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