Japanese Cultures and Traditions

Foreign Language
Prepared by:
Lovelynn A. Rodriguez
Japanese Language Instructor
 An Introduction about Japan
• Japan 日本 Nihon or Nippon

• The characters that make up Japan's name

mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is
sometimes identified as the "Land of the
Rising Sun".
Flag of Japan
Location of Japan in a map
 Most of the islands are mountainous, many volcanic; for
example, Japan’s highest peak, Mount Fuji, is a volcano.

 Japan has the world's tenth larges population, with about

126,442,178 as of August 2020 based on United Nations data.

 The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the capital city of

Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest
metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents
 The major cities in order of population size,
are:
(1) Tokyo which is capital;
(2) (2) Yokohama;
(3) (3) Osaka;
(4) (4) Nagoya;
(5) (5) Sapporo;
(6) (6) Kobe;
(7) (7) Kyoto;
(8) (8) Fukuoka;
(9) (9)Kawasaki.
 Weather/ Climate
 The temperature zones range from the sub
arctic to the subtropical.
 Hokkaido, far to the north, is cold and snowy.

 Okinawa, far to the south, is hot and humid.

Tokyo, on the main island of Honshu, is the

halfway point between these extremes of
climate
 Four seasons
 Four Seasons
 1. spring – March-May rainy – mid of May-mid

of July

 2. summer – mid of July-August

 3. fall/autumn – September-November

 4. winter – December-February
The Japanese names for Japan are Nippon ( にっぽん ) and Nihon ( にほん ).
They are both written in Japanese using the kanji 日本 .

The Japanese name Nippon is used for most official purposes, including on
Japanese money, postage stamps, and for many international sporting
events. Nihon is a more casual term and the most frequently used in
contemporary speech.

Both Nippon and Nihon literally mean "the sun's origin" and are often
translated as the Land of the Rising Sun.
Japan from space, picture taken May 2003
The very famous Mount Fuji, the pride of Japan
 Japanese Culture and Traditions
The Japanese culture is very unique from exotic
festivals and foods  to traditional art and
historical temples.

Japan is filled with treasures of folk art from

beautiful dishes and lacquer ware to delightful
porcelain dolls.
Fast paced, energetic and busy, the city streets of
Japan rarely seems to rest. Tokyo, the official
capital of Japan since 1868 has nearly 12
million people covering approximately 800
square miles
• In contrast, Japanese lifestyle is very reserved
from its quiet and uncluttered interiors to its
simplistic form of arts - where less is often
considered more.

• However, the modern city streets are quite the

paradox. Flashing neon signs fill the cityscape
at night and numerous small restaurants and
Japanese shops spill out into the streets.
 
• From architecture to the presentation of food,
the Japanese approach to design has
historically been linear and asymmetrical, with
texture and elements deeply emphasized
creating a visual display of depth and variety.
 Etiquette
 Japanese culture is not only old, it’s also
remarkably intact. Perhaps geography played a
role, perhaps history – Japan was virtually
isolated from the rest of the world for two and a
half centuries, ending in 1868. Because the
Japanese people were free from outside contacts
for so long, their own traditions became stronger.
 Even today, with the influence of the West so

visible, the Japanese adhere to their unique

customs and values
 Japan is a safe country; the crime rate is one of
the lowest rate in the world. It’s unlikely that
you’ll ever need to talk to the police for
anything but directions.

 The Japanese rarely shake hands with each

other. They inform Westerners of this, because
it is offensive to them if you extend your hand
for a handshake.
 When meeting or greeting people, the
Japanese bow

 Remember, non-Japanese are not expected to

bow. But people will bow to you, and you’re free
to follow suit if you feel comfortable. Just lean
forward from the waist, keep your head down,
and you’ll do just fine.
 Japan is a country of gift giving and
receiving. If you have Japanese friends or
acquaintances, you’ll probably receive some
gifts yourself while you’re in Japan.
 When you give or receive a gift, it’s a good

manner to use both hands

 You say “Douzo’ in giving something and

“Doumo” when receiving

 Accommodation
 When you stay in Japan, you have a choice between Western-
style and Japanese-style inns (ryokan) accommodations.
 First-class hotels in Japan equal fine hotels anywhere for
facilities and quality of service
 They’re often located near the center of town within easy
walking distance from train and subway stations.
 Staying at a ryokan, a Japanese-style inn, is a good way to
experience everyday Japanese customs firsthand
 The Japanese bath (ofuro) is a ritual meant for relaxing and
unwinding as much as for cleansing.
Ryokan
Example of a Luxury hotel in Japan
Example of a Capsule hotel in
Japan
 The toilet is not located in the bath area, but in
a room by itself, usually with a small sink.

 Leave your slippers outside the door and put

on those that you find just inside the door.
Public toilet in Japan
 Transportation
 Most major Japanese cities have fast, clean, and
efficient subway and commuter train systems.
They’re actually a complex system of public and
private trains crisscrossing and encircling the
urban areas and linking with the subways.
 In Tokyo, the Yamanote sen is the line that

encircles, or loops around, the city’sdowntown

area; in Osaka, the loop line is called the Kanjo
sen.
Shinkansen (Bullet Train)
Example of Japanese
Transportation
 Tourist Spots
 The high points of sightseeing in Japan
include castles, gardens, hot springs, museums,
palaces and imperial villas, shrines, and
Temples.

Example:
Castles – or Joo in Japanese
 Castles
Japanese castles are spectacular:
 Himeji Castle – one of the few remaining

original ones, has a five storey dungeon at the

center, and some buildings are preserved as
national treasures.
 Osaka Castle – is famous for its stone walls.

 Dramatic Nijo Castle – built in 1603, was

where the Tokugawa shogun stayed when he

visited in Kyoto.
Himeji Castles in Hyogo Japan
 Gardens

Japan is a garden-lover’s dream. There are

gardens of every size and shape, each one
different from the next. Some 132 of them have
been designated masterpieces to be preserved
and maintained under the Valuable Cultural
Properties Act of Japan
 Examples of Famous Gardens
 Kairakuen Mito
(Kairakuen Garden)

 Kenrokuen Kanazawa
(Kenrokuen Garden)

 Korakuen Okayama
(Korakuen Garden)
Okayama - korakuen
The Japanese garden is probably one of the most intriguing
aspects of Japanese culture and life.
It is an interpretation and idealized conception of nature,
accompanied with the artistic feeling of the creator. 
Bonsai collection as a hobby
The rocks of the zen stone garden emulate islands in a sea of
gravel, as the sand is laid out in a ripple like wave effect.
 Hot Springs

Two of the most famous hot springs are

Noboribetsu in Hokkaido and Beppu in Oita

Prefecture, Kyushu. The former features a

Valley of Hell – columns of steam rising from
the ground, which is part of an old crater. The
latter also has a ―hell– boiling mud pond
 Arima Onsen Hyogo Prefecture
(Arima Hot Springs)

 Atami Shizuoka Prefecture

(Atami Hot Springs)

 Beppu Onsen Oita Prefecture

(Beppu Hot Springs)
Atami onsen
Ofuro or steam bath
 Museums
 In Tokyo, you can see the Tokyo National
Museum specializing in Japanese and Far
Eastern ancient and medieval art, which houses
over 85,000 objects. It is the largest museum in
Japan.
 A visit to the Kyoto National Museum is a must.

It was established in 1868 as a repository for art

objects and treasures from temples, shrines and
individual collections
Tokyo National Museum
 Palaces And Imperial Villas
 The Imperial Palace, with its gardens covering
250 acres in the heart of Tokyo, is where the
imperial family resides.
 The Kyoto Imperial Palace was their residence

from 1331 until 1868, when the family moved to

Tokyo.
 Also in Kyoto, the Katsura Imperial Villa

represents a high point in traditional Japanese

architecture and landscape gardening.
Tokyo Imperial Palace
Kyoto Imperial Palace
 Shrines
 Japanese shrines are sacred Shinto places of
worship. Shinto, the indigenous religion of Japan,
is today as much a value system as a religion.
 In fact, most Japanese would say that they are

Buddhists as well as Shintoists and see no conflict

or contradiction in this dual allegiance. Shinto
embodies the deep Japanese respect for nature, the
shrines are places of great natural beauty.
The Ise Shrine in Mie Prefecture is the most venerated of all
Shinto shrines, since 3rd century
 Temples
 Japan’s Buddhist temples are so varied that
choosing among them is especially difficult.
Todaiji, near Nara, is famous as the site of the
world’s largest bronze statue of Buddha. The
building that houses it is the world’s largest
wooden structure. Horyuji, also in Nara, has
about 40 buildings, each one of them
designated either a National Treasure or an
Important Cultural Property
Asukusa Kannon Tokyo
(Asakusa Kannon Temple)
 Japanese Festival and Events
Here are just a few of the multitude of festivals held
throughout Japan each year:
January 6 - New Year Shobo

Firemen’s Parade (Tokyo)

February (1st Fri-Sun) - Snow Festival Sapporo

(Sapporo) Yuki Matsuri

March 3 - Doll Festival for Hina Matsuri Girls

(nationwide)
Snow Festival in Sapporo
 Seijin No Hi -- Coming of Age Day (January 8th)

• Seijin No Hi is the first holiday of the year after New

Year's is all over.

• It is for all the women who have just become legal

adults (age 20), and most families buy a kimono for
their daughter.
• The typical kimono is 300-400 thousand yen,
• On the day the young lady will typically go to a
nearby Shinto Shrine and pray for health, success,
money, etc.
Japanese Ladies at Seijin no hi
 Valentines Day
• In Japan, it's the GIRLS who give the boys
chocolate on Feb. 14th. And not just to
someone they like.
• There is a uniquely Japanese characteristic of
giving "Giri-Choko" -- giving chocolate to the
men e.g the boss.
• "Giri" means obligation, but in Japan it has a
deep sense of long-term commitment.
 Cherry Blossoms
• The coming of the cherry blossoms (sakura) is one of the happiest events
in Japan. First and foremost it heralds the coming of spring, the Hanami, or
flower viewing,which is a delight since winters in Japan are bone-chilling
cold.

• They also have a deeper cultural significance since they fall to the ground
and disappear in only a couple of weeks, which echoes an ancient cultural
belief in the short, transitory nature of youth and life itself.

• Every city park with lots of sakura trees will be jammed with people, and
finding a spot to even sit down may be impossible.
Cherry Blossom
 April 8 Buddha’s B-day Hana Matsuri at
Buddhist temples (nationwide)

 May 2nd Sat. & Sun.,odd-numbered years

Festival of Kanda Kanda Matsuri Myojin
Shrine (Tokyo)

 June14 Rice-Planting Festival Sumiyoshi no at

Sumiyoshi Shrine Onta Ue (Osaka)
 Shichi Go San Matsuri

 The Shichi Go San or 7-5-3 Festival is one of the uniquely

Japanese festivals. Boys who are 3 and 5 years old, and girls
who are 3 and 7 are taken to a shinto shrine, often in their first
kimono, and the parents pray for their continuing good health
and prosperity.

 The numbers, especially 3 and 7, are lucky numbers in Japan,

and until the 20th century Japan was a thoroughly feudal
nation with a higher childhood mortality rate.
Shichi Go San Matsuri
In May, "boys day" festivals now called
children's day is a joyful spectacle as colorful
flying carp banners are flown.
 July 7 - Star Festival Tanabata (nationwide)

 July 16-24 Gion Festival of Gion Matsuri

Yasaka Shrine (Kyoto)

 August 3-7 Float Festival of Nebuta Aomori

(Aomori)
Maiko at the Temple
Aoimatsuri
Kurama Fire Festival in Central
Kyoto Japan
Japan is filled with historical places and religious
artifacts. Stone monuments of Buddha statues
and lanterns fill the mountain side of temples and
shrines.
 Japanese Religion
• Shinto is a purely native Japanese religion. It has been flatly
stated that it is a racial religion, belonging to all Japanese by
birth. In fact, Japanese people would be dumbfounded to hear
of any foreigner 'converting' to Shinto.

• There are no Shinto texts, no scriptures, no organized

teachings, no dogma, no regular worship services, no sermons,
and no rules or commandments.

• As such, it has been suggested that Shinto is not really a

religion at all, but more of a cultural tradition or a collection of
folk beliefs. 
Biggest Buddha in Kamakura,Japan
Scores of tori gates (shinto shrine archway gates) dramatically
compel the eyes and spirit to travel through them
 Films and Theatre
 Bunraku – puppet theatre

 Kabuki – all actors chart or speak their lines

 Noh – stylized dance and drama originally for

Shinto festivals
Kabuki
 Flower Arrangement
 Flower arrangement, or Ikebana, originally emphasized natural
materials — flowers, leaves, grasses, and branches — and the
way they were used to express harmony with nature; the main
branches or sprays signify sky, earth and mankind.
 Japanese Flower Arrangement
(My own IKEBANA, in Japan Foundation Urawa Japan, 2008)
 Japanese Tea Ceremony
 The Japanese tea ceremony (chanoyu, lit. "tea hot-water";
also called chadō or sadō, "the way of tea") is a multifaceted
traditional activity strongly influenced by Zen Buddhism, in
which powdered green tea, or matcha, is ceremonially
prepared and served to others.
 The get-together for chanoyu are called chakai (literally "tea
meeting") or chaji (literally "tea function").
 Usually the term chakai is used to refer to a relatively simple
course of hospitality that includes the service of confections,
usucha (thin tea), and perhaps tenshin (a light snack), while
the term chaji refers to a more formal course of hospitality
including kaiseki (a special kind of full-course meal),
confections, koicha (thick tea), and usucha (thin tea).
 Tea Ceremony
 The formal art of the tea ceremony was perfected in the 15th
century. A deeply aesthetic experience, the tea ceremony has
precise rituals of form and etiquette for host and guests.
Woman demonstrating a Tea ceremony
 Night Life
 Japanese cities offer the usual variety of after-
hours diversion, with one important difference,
the costs can be astronomical. While some
bars, clubs, cabarets, and discos are reasonable
and affordable for most foreign visitors, many
are not.
 Examples of night life activities:

Pachinko, Mahjong, Karaoke

Pachinko and gaming center
Karaoke bar
 Spectacular Sports
 Sumo – professional sumo or traditional
Japanese wrestling, has a centuries-old history
 Baseball

 Golf

 Swimming

 Skiing and snowboarding

 Japanese Sports
• In the long feudal period governed by the samurai
class, some methods that were used to train warriors
were developed into well-ordered martial arts,
referred to collectively as Koryū.
• Examples include Kenjutsu, Kyūdō, Sōjutsu, Jujutsu
and Sumo, all of which were established in the Edo
period.
• Judo was developed by Kano Jigoro, who studied
some sects of Jujutsu. These sports are still widely
practiced in present day Japan and other countries
Sumo wrestling
Judo karate
 Japanese Food and Drinks
 Dining is one of the most pleasurable aspects
of visiting Japan. You have a choice of good
Western-style restaurants and an almost
endless variety of Japanese food to explore. If
you crave American fast food, you can even
get that. You won’t go hungry in Japan.
 Japanese-style eating is unlike Western style.

You see chopsticks, the food is different, and

table manners are different as well.
 Japanese Cuisine
• Through a long culinary past, the Japanese have developed a
sophisticated and refined cuisine highly sensitive to the change
of seasons.
• Modern Japanese enjoy a variety of traditional Japanese food,
including the staples of rice and miso soup, as well as many
seafood dishes (sushi and sashimi for instance), and a
multitude of foreign dishes.
• Japanese cuisine is a product of its environment and people.
• The ease of acquiring fresh ingredients led to sushi, high
temperature and humidity led to varieties of pickled and
fermented food like natto, umeboshi, tsukemono and soy
sauce.
 Tipping
 You don’t need to tip anyone in Japanese

restaurants. A service charge will be added to

your bill, so enjoy your meal and the
customary service.
 Towels

 Whenever and wherever you drink or dine in

Japan, you’ll begin with a refreshing hot or

cold damp towel for your hands and face.
Hot or cold towel – oshibori
 Japanese Restaurants
 Japanese cuisine is characterized by freshness,
presentation and variety. Some restaurants
offer a selection of different kinds of dishes.
Others specialize in one type of food or style
of cooking, often prepared in front of your
table or on a grill
 Here are some of the most popular
Japanese dishes:
 Sushi
 Tempura

 Yakitori

 Sukiyaki

 Shabu-shabu

 Sashimi

*Please check the details of these in your

Module 1*
 Yosenabe
 Teppanyaki

 Kushikatsu

 Tonkatsu

 Soba and udon

 Ramen

*Please check the details of these in your Module

1*
My set of Japanese dish in Atami ryokan
My set of meal in our school canteen
Set of lunch meal in a store
Sushi ya or Sushi Restaurant
 Ramen ya – Ramen Restaurant
Ramen is a large bowl of noodles in a meat-based broth. The soup is usually
topped with a slice of pork, bean sprouts, seaweed, and bamboo shoots.
Yakiniku Restaurant
 Special Cuisines
 Kaiseki ryori
 Shojin ryori

 Kyodo ryori

 Robata yaki

 Fugu ryori

 Unagi ryori

 Tofu ryori

 Tamago yaki –
Shojin ryori – traditional dining style of Buddhist
monks
 Basic Food
 Bean curd – tofu or otofu
 Bean paste soup – miso shiru

 Clear soul – suimono or osuimono

 Japanese horseradish – wasabi

 Japanese hot pepper – togarashi

 Japanese pickles – otsukemono

 Japanese rice wine – osake or sake

 Japanese tea – ocha

 Japanese green tea – ryokucha
 Japanese roasted tea – hojicha
 Pickled plums – umeboshi
 Pickled radish – takuan
 Cooked rice – gohan
 Uncooked rice – okome or kome
 Seaweed – nori
 Bean paste – omiso or miso
 Soy sauce – oshoyu or shoyu
 Sweet rice wine – mirin
 Japanese soup stock – dashi
 Dried fish – himono
Eating The Japanese Way:
A Few Pointer
 Menus are not always provided. Some
restaurants just serve what they have that day.
 Prices are not always listed. This may mean

it’s a very expensive place, or that prices vary

from day to day, as in a sushi shop.
 Desserts are not traditional with Japanese

meals, but you can usually get fresh fruit

(probably expensive) or sweet bean paste.
 Japanese noodles may be slurped noisily — it’s quite proper
and may even indicate you’re enjoying the flavor.

 Soy sauce is not poured on white rice. The rice is served in

individual rice bowls, which may be held in the left hand

 Soup is served in individual lacquer bowls,

without spoons. Sip directly from the bowl, or with the help of
chopsticks if there are vegetables or other bits of food in it

 Chopsticks are easy! Rest one at the base of the thumb and
index finger and between the ends of the ring and middle
finger
 Department Stores

 Japanese department stores carry all the things

you would expect, and a lot more as well.

 The folkware or mingei sections have crafts

from all over Japan: handmade dolls, toys,
pottery, paper crafts, bamboo baskets, lacquer
trays, bowls, chopsticks, handmade and dyed
fabrics, and more.
 Books
 Bookstores, newsstands, and stationery stores
are usually separate in Japan — although some
bookstores do sell newspapers.
 At bookstores and newsstands in large tourist

hotels you can find some American and

European newspapers, and weekly news
magazines, usually international or Far East
editions.
Bookstore or Honya
 Clothing
 Shopping for clothing in Japan yields basic styles as
well as designs, patterns and fabrics unavailable
anywhere else.
 Most Japanese designers have boutiques in the
department stores and elsewhere; some feature lines of
clothing are more affordable than you may expect, both
high fashion items and simple, well-made sportswear.
 And don’t overlook traditional Japanese clothing. A
silk or cotton kimono, either antique or modern, makes
a stylish gift — perhaps for yourself
 Japanese Clothing
• The Japanese word kimono means "something one wears" and they are the
traditional garments of Japan. Originally, the word kimono was used for all
types of clothing, but eventually, it came to refer specifically to the full-
length garment also known as the , meaning "long-wear", that is still worn
today on special occasions by women, men, and children. It is often known
as wafuku which means "Japanese clothes".

• Kimono come in a variety of colors, styles, and sizes. Men mainly wear
darker or more muted colors, while women tend to wear brighter colors
and pastels, and often with complicated abstract or floral patterns. The
summer kimono which are lighter are called yukata.
Japanese women wearing kimono
Geisha, wearing their traditional kimono
 Electrical Appliances
 For a look at the latest in electrical appliances
and electronic equipment, visit Tokyo’s
Akihabara wholesale — retail district.
 It’s the biggest discount center in Japan. While

fixed prices are standard almost everywhere

else, shops in Akihabara offer large discounts,
and bargaining is commonplace
Akihabara, gadgets and electronic
district in Japan
 Traditional Treatments
 Acupressure (shiatsu) and Acupuncture
(hari)
Although most Westerners think of
acupuncture as Chinese, it’s also widely
practiced in Japan. You can have acupuncture
or acupressure treatment at the therapist’s
office, or where you’re staying. Payment is
usually by the hour.
 Communications
 Post Office - Post offices are open from 9 a.m.
to 5 p.m. weekdays

 Telephone – there are public telephones and

cellphones available around Japan, especially
near convenient stores
Post office box
 Driving a Car
 Foreigners driving in Japan must contend with
certain realities: The steering wheel is on the
right side of the car, and you drive on the left
side of the road; most expressway signs are in
Japanese; non-express roads may be narrow
and usually have no sidewalks
 Governance
 Japan is a parliamentary form of government.
The Prime Minister is the head of the State.

 The head of the Monarchy is the Emperor.

 Other information
 Travel time – it takes 3 and a half hours by
plane directly from Manila going to the Narita
International Airport in Tokyo.
Time difference – Japan time is advanced
exactly by one hour compared to Philippine
time.
 Japanese Language

• The Japanese language has always played a

significant role in Japanese culture.

• Spoken mainly in Japan but also in some Japanese

emigrant communities around the world, and the
sound inventory of Japanese is relatively small but
has a distinct pitch-accent system.
• Japanese is written with a combination of three
scripts: hiragana and katakana, which are
unique to Japan, and kanji, imported from
China.
• The Latin alphabet, rōmaji, is also often used
in modern Japanese, especially for company
names and logos, advertising, and when
inputting Japanese into a computer.
 Calligraphy
• The flowing, brush-drawn Japanese language lends itself to
complicated calligraphy.

• Calligraphic art is often too esoteric for Western audiences

and therefore general exposure is very limited. However in
East Asian countries, the rendering of text itself is seen as a
traditional art form as well as a means of conveying written
information.

• This art form is known as ‘Shodo’ which literally means ‘the

way of writing or calligraphy’ or more commonly known as
‘Shuji’ means ‘learning how to write characters’.
Tools that used in Calligraphy
Example of Calligraphy
Calligraphy class
 Japanese Sculpture
• Traditional Japanese sculptures mainly settled on the
subject of Buddhist images, such as Tathagata,
Bodhisattva and Myō-ō.
• The oldest sculpture in Japan is a wooden statue of
Amitabha at the Zenkō-ji temple.
• In the Nara period, Buddhist statues were made by the
national government to boost its prestige.
• These examples are seen in present-day Nara and
Kyoto, most notably a colossal bronze statue of the
Buddha Vairocana in the Tōdai-ji temple.
Wood Sculpture
 Japanese Architecture
• Japanese architecture has as long a history as any
other aspect of Japanese culture. Originally heavily
influenced by Chinese architecture, it also develops
many differences and aspects which are indigenous to
Japan.
• Examples of traditional architecture are seen at
Temples, Shinto shrines and castles in Kyoto and
Nara. Some of these buildings are constructed with
traditional gardens, which are influenced from Zen
ideas
Japanese Architecture
 Examples of Origami
(The art of paper folding)
 Japanese Pop-culture

• Japanese popular culture not only reflects the attitudes and

concerns of the present but also provides a link to the past.

• Popular films, television programs, comics, and music all

developed from older artistic and literary traditions, and many
of their themes and styles of presentation can be traced to
traditional art forms.

• Contemporary forms of popular culture, much like the

traditional forms, provide not only entertainment but also an
escape for the contemporary Japanese from the problems of an
industrial world.
Japanese movies in Hollywood
Hachiko in Shibuya
Example of Japanese Manga
Dragon ball, a Pop culture in Japan
Dragon Ball Z
Doraemon’s door
Cosplay or Costume play in Harajuku
Hyaku en shop
Items inside the 100en shop
Mobile Phone
An Innovation in Japan
Asmo – Japanese Robot
 Conclusion
• Japanese has a rich history and an equally rich culture of a
unique mix of exotic festivals, food, traditional art, historical
temples, and practices.

• Japan is a country rich with beautiful treasures like folk art,

dishes, dolls, and clothes.

• Japan has many historical sites and religious artifacts.

• Aside from that, Japan is also a place of unique food and

finely crafted dishes, and numerous traditions like tea
ceremonies, flower arrangements, and the performing arts.
 THE END
Thank You
Doumo Arigatou