WHAT IS CANCER?

• Cancer is a disease that occurs when the cells of the

body multiply in an uncontrolled manner, creating a
a cluster of cells called a tumour.
– usually the tumour takes the form of a lump
• Cancer is not a single disease with a single type of
treatment. There are more than 200 different kinds
of cancer, each with its own name and treatment
• Early diagnosis can often make a difference to how
easily cancer is managed/treated and the chance of
making of good recovery.
 CANCER
• The division of normal cells is precisely controlled.
New cells are only formed for growth or to replace
dead ones.
• Cancerous cells divide repeatedly out of control even
though they are not needed, they crowd out other
normal cells and function abnormally. They can also
destroy the correct functioning of major organs.
 TUMOR

Benign Tumor
Tumor
Malignant Tumor
(Cancer)
 BENIGN TUMORS

 SELF-LIMITED IN THEIR GROWTH.

 DO NOT INVADE OR METASTASIZE (ALTHOUGH

SOME BENIGN TUMOR TYPES ARE CAPABLE
OF BECOMING MALIGNANT).
MALIGNANT TUMORS (CANCER)
GROUP OF CELLS DISPLAY
 EXCESSIVE GROWTH AND DIVISION WITHOUT RESPECT TO
NORMAL LIMIT,
 INVASIVE, INVADE AND DESTROY ADJACENT TISSUES, AND
SOMETIME,
 DISTANT METASTASIS SPREAD TO OTHER LOCATIONS IN THE
BODY.
 TYPES OF CANCER
• HEAD NECK
• REPRODUCTIVE
• GASTRINTESTINAL
• BLOOD
• SKIN
• BONES
 TYPES OF CANCERS
• CLASSIFICATION OF CANCERS
– CARCINOMAS
– SARCOMAS
– LYMPHOMAS
– LEUKEMIAS
 CANCER

 CANCER MAY AFFECT PEOPLE AT ALL AGES, EVEN

FETUSES BUT RISK FOR THE MORE COMMON
VARIETIES TENDS TO INCREASE WITH AGE.

 EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND EARLY TREATMENT ARE VITAL,

AND IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONS AT INCREASED
RISK OF CANCER BEFORE ITS DEVELOPMENT IS AN
IMPORTANT OBJECTIVE OF CANCER RESEARCH.
WARNING SIGNALS FOR CANCER
• CHANGE IN BOWEL / BLADDER HABITS
• A SORE THAT DOES NOT HEAL
• UNUSUAL BLEEDING OR DISCHARGE
• THICKENING OR LUMP IN BREAST / ELSEWHERE
• INDIGESTION OR DIFFICULTY TO SWALLOW
• OBVIOUS CHANGE IN WART / MOLE
• NAGGING COUGH OR HOARSENESS OF VOICE
 RISK FACTORS

 A RISK FACTOR IS ANYTHING THAT INCREASES

A PERSON'S CHANCE OF GETTING A DISEASE.

 SOME RISK FACTORS CAN BE CHANGED, AND

OTHERS CANNOT.

 DIFFERENT CANCERS HAVE DIFFERENT RISK

FACTORS
 RISK FACTORS
 OLD AGE
 UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLE (WESTERN LIFESTYLE), POOR DIET,
LACK OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, OR BEING OVERWEIGHT.
 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, DEFINED BROADLY TO INCLUDE
TOBACCO USE, DIET, SUNLIGHT AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
 OCCUPATIONAL CARCINOGENS
 RADIATION
 FAMILY HISTORY OF CANCER (GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY)
 ALCOHOL
 CHEMICALS AND OTHER SUBSTANCE
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
 POOR SURVIVAL - REASONS

OVER 75 PERCENT OF THE CASES REPORT FOR

DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT SERVICES IN
ADVANCED STAGES OF THE DISEASE RESULTING
IN POOR SURVIVAL AND HIGH MORTALITY RATES
 GLOBAL PROBLEM OF CANCER
Incidence Mortality
Total Cancer 12 Million 7.6 Million

Developed Countries 5.4 Million 2.9 Million

Developing 6.7 Million 4.7 Million

Countries
 COMMON CANCERS : GLOBAL
Males Females

Developed Developing Developed Developing

Prostate Lung Breast Breast

Lung Stomach * Colorectal Cervix *

Colorectal Liver * Lung Stomach *

* Related to Infection
All the three common cancers above ( both developed & Developing)
are also leading causes of cancer death.
15 % of all cancers – infection related ( 3 times more in developing
countries)
 CANCER IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES INCREASING
• Deaths from infectious diseases
• Childhood mortality
• Longevity
• Adoption of Western Life style
– Cigarette Smoking
– Higher consumption of saturated fat
– Consumption of Calorie dense foods
– Physical activity
Survival rates poorer in developing countries (lack of
availability of early detection and treatment
services)
Factors Believed to Contribute to Global Causes of Cancer

Figure 16.2
 CANCER PROBLEM IN INDIA
• Estimated Population : 1,048 million
• Estimated New Cancer Cases : 9.50 lakhs
4.3 Males
5.2 Females
• Estimated TRC : 2,66,000
• Estimated Breast Cancer : 1,15,251
• Estimated Cervix Cancer : 1,34,420
(27% of world
burden)
 COMMON CANCERS IN INDIA
MEN:
CANCERS OF LUNG, ORAL CAVITY, PHARYNX,
OESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH

WOMEN:
CANCERS OF CERVIX, BREAST, OVARY, ORAL
CAVITY AND OESOPHAGUS
TREND

CANCER OF BREAST IS SHOWING RISING

TREND AMONG URBAN WOMEN AND
CERVICAL CANCER INCIDENCE IS GRADUALLY
DECLINING
TOBACCO RELATED CANCERS(TRC)

TRC CONSTITUTE HALF OF ALL CANCERS IN

MALES AND ONE-THIRD IN FEMALES, I.E.
OVERALL ABOUT 35-40 PERCENT OF CANCERS
ARE RELATED TO THE USE OF TOBACCO
Reproductive And Hormonal Risks For Cancer

• Pregnancy and oral contraceptives increase a

woman’s chances of breast cancer
• Late menarche, early menopause, early first
childbirth, having many children have been
shown to reduce risk of breast cancer
 OCCUPATIONAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• ASBESTOS
• NICKEL
• CHROMATE
• BENZENE
• ARSENIC
• RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
• COOL TARS
• HERBICIDES/PESTICIDES
 VIRAL FACTORS
• HERPES-RELATED VIRUSES MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF LEUKEMIA, HODGKIN’S DISEASE,
CERVICAL CANCER, AND BURKITT’S LYMPHOMA
• EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS, ASSOCIATED WITH
MONONUCLEOSIS, MAY CONTRIBUTE TO CANCER
• HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV), VIRUS THAT CAUSES
GENITAL WARTS, HAS BEEN LINKED TO CERVICAL CANCER
• HELICOBACTER PYLORI CAUSES ULCERS WHICH ARE A
MAJOR FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF STOMACH
CANCER
 DETECTING CANCER
• THE EARLIER THE DIAGNOSIS THE BETTER THE
PROSPECT FOR SURVIVAL
• MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
• COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY SCAN
(CAT SCAN)
• PROSTATIC ULTRASOUND
• REGULAR SELF-EXAMS, AND CHECK
UPS,BIOPSY
 WHAT ARE TRETMENT OPTIONS
• SURGERY

• CHEMOTHERAPY

• RADIATION

• PALLIATIVE
 SCREENING FOR CANCER
• EARLY DETECTION PROVIDES THE BEST
OPPORTUNITY FOR SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT
• CANCER SCREENING EXAMINATIONS ARE
MEDICAL TESTS PERFORMED WHEN YOU’RE
HEALTHY
• RELIABLE SCREENING TESTS ARE AVAILABLE
FOR CERTAIN CANCERS EX: CERVIX, BREAST,
COLON ETC.
 PREVENTION
PRIMARY PREVENTION: AVOIDANCE OF EXPOSURE TO
CANCER-CAUSING AGENTS (E.G. TOBACCO, INDUSTRIAL
CARCINOGENS, ETC ….).

EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER: EDUCATION TO

PROMOTE EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND SCREENING
(IMAGING DIAGNOSIS AND LABORATORY TESTS,…)

GENETIC TESTING: THESE TESTS CAN CHECK FOR

CERTAIN INHERITED GENE CHANGES THAT INCREASE
THE CHANCE OF DEVELOPING CANCER.
 CANCER PREVENTION
2/3 OF ALL CANCERS MAY BE PREVENTED BY
• AVOIDING TOBACCO
• AVOIDING/LIMITING ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
• EATING ADEQUATE FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
DAILY
• KNOWING FAMILY HISTORY OF CANCER
• LIMITING EXPOSURE SUN/RADIATION
 CANCER PREVENTION (CONTD..)
• CHOOSING HEALTHY FOOD REDUCES CANCER
RISK BY 30 – 40%
• EATING A LOW FAT DIET
• REGULAR EXERCISING
• MAINTAINING HEALTHY WEIGHT
THROUGHOUT LIFE
 PALLIATIVE CARE
• PATIENT AND FAMILY
• LIVING WELL WITH THE DISEASE
• SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT
• END OF LIFE CARE
• EVEN AFTER DEATH
THANK
YOU
 Risk Factor/ Cancer Type

Cancer Type Risk Factor

Lung Cancer Tobacco smoke
Radon
Asbestos and other substances
Air pollution
Breast Radiation
Genetic changes (Inherited mutation)
Colorectal Cancer polyp
Genetic alteration
Diet
Cigarette smoking
Ulcerative colitis or chon's disease
Prostate Diet
Certain prostate changes
Race Africans Americans
Risk Factor/ Cancer Type

Cancer Type Risk Factor

Liver Hepatitis viruses (HCV.HBV)
Pancreas Smoking
Diabetes
Being male
Chronic pancreatitis
Kidney Tobacco smoking
High blood pressure
Von-Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL)
Leukemia Radiation
Chemotherapy
Certain disease (Down syndrome)
Human T cell leukemia virus
Myelodysplatic syndrome
Risk Factor/ Cancer Type

Cancer Type Risk Factor

Bladder Occupation
Certain infection
Tobacco smoking
Race Twice as often as Africans Americans
Treatment with cyclophosphamide or arsenic
Uterine Endometrial hyperplasia
Race Africans Americans
Hormonal replacement therapy
Obesity
Melanoma Dysplastic nevi
Fai skin
Weakened immune system
Sever blistering/Sunburn
UV irradiation
Source:http://ishwaryatechnosolutions.com/cancer.aspx