Chapter Four

OOP Concepts

Mulugeta G.

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Inheritance
• defined as the process where one class acquires the
properties (methods and fields) of another.
• With the use of inheritance the information is made
manageable in a hierarchical order.
• The class which inherits the properties of other is
known as subclass (derived class, child class) and
the class whose properties are inherited is known as
superclass (base class, parent class).

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Extends keyword
• extends is the keyword used to inherit the properties
of a class.
• Syntax: class Super {
.....
.....
}
class Sub extends Super {
.....
.....
}
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 Example:

• two classes namely Calculation and My_Calculation.

• Using extends keyword, the My_Calculation inherits the
methods addition() and Subtraction() of Calculation
class.
Output of the program
– The sum of the given numbers:30
– The difference between the given numbers:10
– The product of the given numbers:200

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Con’t
class Calculation {
int z;
public void addition(int x, int y) {
z = x + y;
System.out.println("The sum of the given numbers:"+z);
}
public void Subtraction(int x, int y) {
z = x - y;
System.out.println("The difference between the given
numbers:"+z);
}}
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Con’t
public class My_Calculation extends Calculation {
public void multiplication(int x, int y) {
z = x * y;
System.out.println("The product of the given
numbers:"+z);
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
int a = 20, b = 10;
My_Calculation demo = new My_Calculation();
demo.addition(a, b); demo.Subtraction(a, b);
demo.multiplication(a, b);
}}
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Note:
• A subclass inherits all the members (fields, methods,
and nested classes) from its superclass.
• Constructors are not members, so they are not
inherited by subclasses, but the constructor of the
superclass can be invoked from the subclass.
• Exercises
– Write a java program that a Car class inherits some
functionality and properties of Vehicle class
– Write a java program that a ComputerTeacher can inherit
some fields and methods from the Teacher class
– Write a java program that a ComputerStudent inherits all the
fields and method of Student class
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The Super keyword
• The super keyword is similar to this keyword.
• Following are the scenarios where the super
keyword is used.
– It is used to differentiate the members of superclass from
the members of subclass, if they have same names.
– It is used to invoke the superclass constructor from
subclass.

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Differentiating the members
• If a class is inheriting the properties of another class. And if the
members of the superclass have the same names as the sub class, to
differentiate these variables we use super keyword as shown
below.
– super.variable
– super.method();
• In the given program, you have two classes
namely Sub_class and Super_class, both have a method named
display() with different implementations, and a variable named num
with different values. We are invoking display() method of both
classes and printing the value of the variable num of both classes.
• Here you can observe that we have used super keyword to
differentiate the members of superclass from subclass.

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Con’t
class Super_class {
int num = 20; // display method of superclass
public void display() {
System.out.println("This is the display method of superclass");
}
}
public class Sub_class extends Super_class {
int num = 10; // display method of sub class
public void display() {
System.out.println("This is the display method of subclass");
}}

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Con’t
public void my_method() {
// Instantiating subclass
Sub_class sub = new Sub_class();
// Invoking the display() method of sub class
sub.display();
// Invoking the display() method of superclass
super.display();
// printing the value of variable num of subclass System.out.println("value
of the variable named num in sub class:"+ sub.num);
// printing the value of variable num of superclass
System.out.println("value of the variable named num in super class:"+
super.num); }
public static void main(String args[]) {
Sub_class obj = new Sub_class();
obj.my_method(); } }
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Example2
class Parent{
String name;
public class Child extends Parent{
String name;
Public void details(){
super.name;
name;
System.out.println(super.name+” “+name);
}
Public static void main(String args[]){
Child c=new Child();
c.details();
}
}
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Invoking superclass constructor
• If a class is inheriting the properties of another class,
the subclass automatically acquires the default
constructor of the superclass.
• But if you want to call a parameterized constructor of
the superclass, you need to use the super keyword as
shown below.
– super(values);
• This program contains a superclass and a subclass, where
the superclass contains a parameterized constructor which
accepts a string value, and we used the super keyword to
invoke the parameterized constructor of the superclass.

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Con’t
class Superclass {
int age;
Superclass(int age) {
this.age = age; }
public void getAge() {
System.out.println("The value of the variable named age in super class
is: " +age); }
}
public class Subclass extends Superclass {
Subclass(int age) {
super(age); }
public static void main(String args[]) {
Subclass s = new Subclass(24);
s.getAge(); } }
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Is-A Relationship
• IS-A is a way of saying: This object is a type of that
object. Let us see how the extends keyword is used
to achieve inheritance.
Now, based on the above example, in Object-
Oriented terms, the following are true

Animal is the superclass of Mammal class.

Animal is the superclass of Reptile class.
Mammal and Reptile are subclasses of Animal
class.
Dog is the subclass of both Mammal and
Animal classes.

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Con’t
• Now, if we consider the IS-A relationship, we can say
– Mammal IS-A Animal
– Reptile IS-A Animal
– Dog IS-A Mammal
– Hence: Dog IS-A Animal as well
• With the use of the extends keyword, the subclasses
will be able to inherit all the properties of the
superclass except for the private properties of the
superclass.
• We can assure that Mammal is actually an Animal with
the use of the instance operator.
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Example
class Animal { }
class Mammal extends Animal { }
class Reptile extends Animal { }
public class Dog extends Mammal {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Animal a = new Animal();
Mammal m = new Mammal();
Dog d = new Dog();
System.out.println(m instanceof Animal);
System.out.println(d instanceof Mammal);
System.out.println(d instanceof Animal); } }
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Con’t
• Since we have a good understanding of
the extends keyword, let us look into how
the implements keyword is used to get the IS-A
relationship.
• Generally, the implements keyword is used with classes
to inherit the properties of an interface.
• Interfaces can never be extended by a class.
public interface Animal { }
public class Mammal implements Animal { }
public class Dog extends Mammal {
}
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The instanceof keyword
• Let us use the instanceof operator to check determine whether
Mammal is actually an Animal, and dog is actually an Animal.
interface Animal{}
class Mammal implements Animal{}
public class Dog extends Mammal {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Mammal m = new Mammal();
Dog d = new Dog();
System.out.println(m instanceof Animal);
System.out.println(d instanceof Mammal);
System.out.println(d instanceof Animal); } }

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Types of Inheritance

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Note:
• A very important fact to remember is that Java does
not support multiple inheritance. This means that a
class cannot extend more than one class.

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Java Overriding
• If a class inherits a method from its superclass, then
there is a chance to override the method provided
that it is not marked final.
• The benefit of overriding is:
– ability to define a behavior that's specific to the subclass
type, which means a subclass can implement a parent
class method based on its requirement.
• In object-oriented terms, overriding means to
override the functionality of an existing method.

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Example
class Animal {
public void move() {
System.out.println("Animals can move"); } }
class Dog extends Animal {
public void move() {
System.out.println("Dogs can walk and run"); } }
public class TestDog {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Animal a = new Animal(); // Animal reference and object
Animal b = new Dog(); // Animal reference but Dog object
a.move(); // runs the method in Animal class b.move(); // runs
the method in Dog class } }
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Con’t
• In the above example, you can see that even though b is a
type of Animal it runs the move method in the Dog class.
• The reason for this is: In compile time, the check is made
on the reference type.
• However, in the runtime, JVM figures out the object type
and would run the method that belongs to that particular
object.
• Therefore, in the above example, the program will
compile properly since Animal class has the method
move. Then, at the runtime, it runs the method specific for
that object.

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Con’t
class Animal {
public void move() {
System.out.println("Animals can move"); } }
class Dog extends Animal {
public void move() { System.out.println("Dogs can walk and run"); }
public void bark() {
System.out.println("Dogs can bark"); } }
public class TestDog {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Animal a = new Animal(); // Animal reference and object
Animal b = new Dog(); // Animal reference but Dog object a.move(); //
runs the method in Animal class b.move(); // runs the method in Dog class
b.bark(); } }

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Rules for Method Overriding
• The argument list should be exactly the same as that of the
overridden method.
• The return type should be the same or a subtype of the
return type declared in the original overridden method in
the superclass.
• The access level cannot be more restrictive than the
overridden method's access level.
– For example: If the superclass method is declared public then the
overridding method in the sub class cannot be either private or protected.
• Instance methods can be overridden only if they are
inherited by the subclass.
• A method declared final cannot be overridden.
• A method declared static cannot be overridden but can be re-declared.
• If a method cannot be inherited, then it cannot be overridden.
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Con’t
• A subclass within the same package as the instance's
superclass can override any superclass method that is not
declared private or final.
• A subclass in a different package can only override the
non-final methods declared public or protected.
• An overriding method can throw any uncheck
exceptions, regardless of whether the overridden method
throws exceptions or not. However, the overriding
method should not throw checked exceptions that are
new or broader than the ones declared by the overridden
method. The overriding method can throw narrower or
fewer exceptions than the overridden method.
• Constructors cannot be overridden. 27
Con’t
• Using the super keyword
– When invoking a superclass version of an overridden method the
super keyword is used.
class Animal {
public void move() { System.out.println("Animals can move");
}}
class Dog extends Animal {
public void move() {
super.move(); // invokes the super class method
System.out.println("Dogs can walk and run");
}}

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Con’t
public class TestDog {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Animal b = new Dog(); // Animal reference but Dog
object b.move(); // runs the method in Dog class
}}

Output
• Animals can move
• Dogs can walk and run

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Polymorphism
• The ability of an object to take on many forms.
• Any Java object that can pass more than one IS-A test is
considered to be polymorphic.
• In Java, all Java objects are polymorphic since any object will
pass the IS-A test for their own type and for the class Object.
• It is important to know that the only possible way to access an
object is through a reference variable.
• A reference variable can be of only one type. Once declared, the
type of a reference variable cannot be changed.
• The reference variable can be reassigned to other objects
provided that it is not declared final.
• A reference variable can refer to any object of its declared type
or any subtype of its declared type. A reference variable can be
declared as a class or interface type. 30
Example
public interface Vegetarian{}
public class Animal{}
public class Deer extends Animal implements
Vegetarian{}
• Now, the Deer class is considered to be polymorphic
since this has multiple inheritance. Following are
true for the above examples −
– A Deer IS-A Animal
– A Deer IS-A Vegetarian
– A Deer IS-A Deer
– A Deer IS-A Object
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Con’t
• When we apply the reference variable facts to a
Deer object reference, the following declarations are
legal −
• Example
– Deer d = new Deer();
– Animal a = d;
– Vegetarian v = d;
– Object o = d;
• All the reference variables d, a, v, o refer to the
same Deer object in the heap.

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Abstraction
• As per dictionary, abstraction is the quality of dealing with ideas
rather than events.
• For example, when you consider the case of e-mail, complex
details such as what happens as soon as you send an e-mail, the
protocol your e-mail server uses are hidden from the user.
• Therefore, to send an e-mail you just need to type the content,
mention the address of the receiver, and click send.
• Likewise in Object-oriented programming,
– abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details from the
user, only the functionality will be provided to the user.
– In other words, the user will have the information on what the object does
instead of how it does it.
• In Java, abstraction is achieved using Abstract classes and
interfaces.
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Abstract Class
• A class which contains the abstract keyword in its
declaration is known as abstract class.
• Abstract classes may or may not contain abstract
methods, i.e., methods without body ( public void get(); )
• But, if a class has at least one abstract method, then the
class must be declared abstract.
• If a class is declared abstract, it cannot be instantiated.
• To use an abstract class, you have to inherit it from
another class, provide implementations to the abstract
methods in it.
• If you inherit an abstract class, you have to provide
implementations to all the abstract methods in it.
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 Example:
• To create an abstract class, just use the abstract keyword before
the class keyword, in the class declaration.
public abstract class Employee {
private String name;
private String address;
private int number;
public Employee(String name, String address, int number) {
System.out.println("Constructing an Employee");
this.name = name;
this.address = address;
this.number = number; }
public double computePay() {
System.out.println("Inside Employee computePay");
return 0.0; }
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Con’t
public void mailCheck() {
System.out.println("Mailing a check to " + this.name + " " +
this.address); }
public String toString() {
return name + " " + address + " " + number; }
public String getName() {
return name; }
public String getAddress() {
return address; }
public void setAddress(String newAddress) {
address = newAddress; }
public int getNumber() {
return number; }
} 36
Con’t
• You can observe that except abstract methods the Employee class
is same as normal class in Java.
• The class is now abstract, but it still has three fields, seven
methods, and one constructor.
• Now you can try to instantiate the Employee class in the following
way
public class AbstractDemo {
public static void main(String [] args) {
/* Following is not allowed and would raise error */ Employee e
= new Employee("George W.", "Houston, TX", 43);
System.out.println("\n Call mailCheck using Employee
reference--");
e.mailCheck(); } }
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Inheriting the Abstract Class
• We can inherit the properties of Employee class just like concrete class in the following way
public class Salary extends Employee {
private double salary; // Annual salary
public Salary(String name, String address, int number, double salary) {
super(name, address, number);
setSalary(salary); }
public void mailCheck() {
System.out.println("Within mailCheck of Salary class ");
System.out.println("Mailing check to " + getName() + " with salary " + salary); }
public double getSalary() { return salary; }
public void setSalary(double newSalary) {
if(newSalary >= 0.0) {
salary = newSalary; } }
public double computePay() {
System.out.println("Computing salary pay for " + getName());
return salary/52; } }
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Con’t
• Here, you cannot instantiate the Employee class, but you can
instantiate the Salary Class, and using this instance you can access all
the three fields and seven methods of Employee class as shown below.
public class AbstractDemo {
public static void main(String [] args) {
Salary s = new Salary("Mohd Mohtashim", "Ambehta, UP", 3,
3600.00);
Employee e = new Salary("John Adams", "Boston, MA", 2,
2400.00);
System.out.println("Call mailCheck using Salary reference --");
s.mailCheck();
System.out.println("\n Call mailCheck using Employee
reference--");
e.mailCheck(); } }
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Abstract Methods
• If you want a class to contain a particular method but
you want the actual implementation of that method to
be determined by child classes, you can declare the
method in the parent class as an abstract.
– abstract keyword is used to declare the method as abstract.
– You have to place the abstract keyword before the method
name in the method declaration.
– An abstract method contains a method signature, but no
method body.
– Instead of curly braces, an abstract method will have a
semoi colon (;) at the end.

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Example:
public abstract class Employee {
private String name;
private String address;
private int number;
public abstract double computePay();
// Remainder of class definition
}

 Declaring a method as abstract has two consequences

 The class containing it must be declared as abstract.
 Any class inheriting the current class must either override the
abstract method or declare itself as abstract.
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Con’t
• Note − Eventually, a descendant class has to implement
the abstract method; otherwise, you would have a
hierarchy of abstract classes that cannot be instantiated.
• Suppose Salary class inherits the Employee class, then it
should implement the computePay() method as shown
below
public class Salary extends Employee {
private double salary; // Annual salary
public double computePay() {
System.out.println("Computing salary pay for " + getName());
return salary/52;
} // Remainder of class definition }

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Encapsulation
• Encapsulation is one of the four fundamental OOP concepts.
• The other three are inheritance, polymorphism, and
abstraction.
• Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of wrapping the data
(variables) and code acting on the data (methods) together as
a single unit.
• In encapsulation, the variables of a class will be hidden from
other classes, and can be accessed only through the methods of
their current class. Therefore, it is also known as data hiding.
• To achieve encapsulation in Java −
– Declare the variables of a class as private.
– Provide public setter and getter methods to modify and view the
variables values.

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Example
public class EncapTest {
private String name;
private String idNum;
private int age;
public int getAge() {
return age; }
public String getName() {
return name; }
public String getIdNum() {
return idNum; }
public void setAge( int newAge) {
age = newAge; }
public void setName(String newName) {
name = newName; }
public void setIdNum( String newId) {
idNum = newId;
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}}
Con’t
• The public setXXX() and getXXX() methods are the access points of
the instance variables of the EncapTest class.
• Normally, these methods are referred as getters and setters. Therefore,
any class that wants to access the variables should access them through
these getters and setters.
• The variables of the EncapTest class can be accessed using the
following program:
public class RunEncap {
public static void main(String args[]) {
EncapTest encap = new EncapTest();
encap.setName("James");
encap.setAge(20);
encap.setIdNum("12343ms");
System.out.print("Name : " + encap.getName() + " Age : " + encap.getAge()); } }

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Benefits of Encapsulation
• The fields of a class can be made read-only or write-
only.
• A class can have total control over what is stored in
its fields.

46
Thank You

?
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