BITS Pilani

K K Birla Goa Campus

Transportation and Metering of fluids

By
Dr. S. S. Baral 20th Nov 2013
 Outline

• Pipe and tubing

• Joints and fittings
• Valves
• Pumps
• Introduction and basics
• Positive displacement pumps
• Centrifugal pumps
• Compressors, Fans and Blowers

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 Pipes and tubing

• Size (diameter), wall thickness and material of

construction

• Pipe (App 3)
• Size
• NPS/IPS
• Regardless of wall thickness outside diameter of all pipe of a given
nominal diameter is same.
• Wall thickness
• Schedule No (increases with thickness)
• Material of construction
• Metals (Low carbon steel), alloys, plastic, glass, ceramic, PVC, etc.) 3
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 Pipes and tubings

• Tubes
• Size
• In terms of outside diameter
• Wall thickness
• BWG (Birmingham Wire Gauge) (decreases with
thickness)

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 Joints and fittings

• Flanges
• Flanges with openinngs
• Blind flange
• Screwed fittings
• Welded joint

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 Valves

• Devices which control the amount and direction of

fluid flow in piping systems
• Typically made of bronze, brass, iron, or steel alloy
• Components
• Valve body
• Packing
• Disc
• Packing gland/nut
• Seat
• Stem
• Bonnet
• Wheel
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 Valves - Types

• Two basic groups

• Stop/control valves
• Used to stop or partially shut off the flow of a fluid
• Examples : Gate, Globe, Needle, Plug, Butterfly valves
• Check valves (NRVs)
• Used to permit the flow only in one direction
• Examples – Swing-check, Ball-check, etc.
• Special types
• Relief valves
• Pressure reducing valves
• Remote operated valves
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 Globe valve

• Most common type of stop/control valve

• Used in steam, air, water, & oil pipelines
• Disc attached to valve stem rests against
seat to shut off flow of fluid
• Adv: Used for throttling/controlling the flow
• Disadv: Large pressure drop (flow
resistance )

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 Globe valve

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 Gate valve

• Used when there must be straight-line flow

of fluid with minimum resistance
• Gate usually wedge-shaped or a vertical
disc
• Adv: No flow restrictions
• Disadv: Poor throttling

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 Gate valve

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Butterfly valve

• Used in water, fuel,

and ventilation
systems
• Adv: small, light-
weight, & quick-
acting
• Disadv: leaks early &
only low-flow
throttle
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Ball valve

• Similar to butterfly valves

• Normally found in seawater, sanitary, trim

and drain, and hydraulic systems

• Have applications in controlling the flow

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 Check valve

• Controls direction of flow

• Operated by flow (pressure) of fluid in pipe

• Types:
• Swing check - disc moves through an arc
• Lift check - disc moves up and down
• Ball check - ball is located at end of stem and lifts to
allow flow
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 Check valve

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 Pumps

• Device that uses an external power source

to apply force to a fluid in order to move it
from one place to another (increase its
mechanical energy  Bernoulli’s eq)

• Must overcome:
• frictional forces from large quantities of fluid
• difference in static pressure between two locations

• Must provide any velocity desired

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 Cavitation

• Cavitation
• Phenomena that can occur in any machine handling
liquid, when local static pressure falls below the vapor
pressure of that liquid
• Liquid can flash to vapor forming a vapor cavity in the
system (machine)
• Can alter local pressure field, creating unsteadiness that
can cause vibration of the machine
• Affects performance of the pump.
• Must be avoided to maintain stable and efficient
operation of the pump
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 Net Positive Suction Head
(NPSH)
• To avoid cavitation, the pressure at the pump
inlet must exceed the vapor pressure by a
certain value, called NPSH.
• Larger the NPSH, less likely the cavitation is
to occur
• NPSHR
• NPSHA

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 Components (Construction)

• Drive mechanism (steam, electric)

• Pump shaft

• Impeller or piston

• Casing

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 Types of pumps

• Positive displacement pumps

• Fixed volume of fluid is displaced during each cycle
regardless of static head/pressure pumping against
• Types
• Reciprocating pumps (Piston, Plunger, Diaphragm pumps)
• Rotary pumps (Gear, Lobe, Screw pumps)

• Centrifugal pumps
• Mechanical energy is increased by centrifugal action
• Volume of fluid is dependent on static head/pressure
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 Positive displacement pumps

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 PD Pumps - Reciprocating

• Piston pumps

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 PD Pumps - Reciprocating

• Diaphragm pumps

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 PD pumps - Rotary

• Gear pump

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 PD pumps

• Mechanical efficiency
• Ratio of power given to the fluid to the power (external)
supplied to the pump

• Volumetric efficiency
• Volume of the fluid discharged to the volume swept by
the piston or plunger

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 Centrifugal pumps

• Most commonly used pump

• Impeller inside a case (called volute)

• Impeller is a disc with curved vanes mounted

radially (like a paddle wheel)
• Suction is the Eye -> fluid accelerated as it travels
outward & then enters volute

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 Centrifugal pumps - Impeller

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 Centrifugal pumps

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 Centrifugal pumps

• Parameters
• N = pump speed, RPM
• Q = volumetric flow rate,(m3/s, LPM)
• Hp = pump head (discharge pressure)
• P = power required (W)
• Pf = Power supplied to the fluid (W)
• η = Mechanical efficiency of the pump (Pf/P)

• Affinity laws (Centrifugal pump laws)

• QaN
• Hp a N2
• P a N3 29
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 System curve

• System curve
System
curve

System
head Friction
head

Static head

Flow

• In most cases the total head of a system is a

combination of static head and friction head
as shown in the figure
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 Pump performance
(characteristic) curves
• Head (Hp vs flow rate (discharge), Q)

• Power vs flow rate

• Efficiency vs flow rate
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 Pump Performance
(Characteristic) curves

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 Pump Characteristic curves -
Operating point
• Maximum efficiency point

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 Centrifugal pumps

• Pumps in parallel

• Pumps in series

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