SMART BLIND STICK

CONTENTS:
• Introduction
• Existing system
• Proposed system
• Hardware requirements
• Software requirements
• Working
• Usage of different components
• Circuit diagram(Blue print)
• Advantages
• Future scope
• Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
• Vision is the most important part of human physiology as
83% of information, humans get from environment is
through sight.
• According to WHO, around 40 million people in the world
are blind, while another 250 million have some form of
visual impairment.
• Presently, blind people use a stick as a tool for directing
them when they move or walk.
• Here, we developed a tool which can serve as a blind stick
being more efficient and helpful than the conventional one.
• This will assist the blind persons during the walk and
provides an alarm if any hurdle is detected within the set
range.
 EXISTING SOLUTION

• A blind stick is a device used by many people who are blind or visually
impaired.
• It primarily allows its user to scan their surroundings for obstacles or
orientation marks.
• Blind people normally use a simple wooden stick to detect the objects.
• It can simply avoid hitting things. However, it cannot prevent all the
accidents.
 PROPOSED SOLUTION

• We are proposing a blind stick which we call as a SMART BLIND

STICK.
• This smart blind stick works with the help of battery and sensors.
• Here we are using ultrasonic sensor which is used for obstacle detection.
• This smart blind stick is budget friendly so that it can be purchased by
most of the blind people.
 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
 Ultrasonic Sensor
 Buzzer
 Vibrator
 Arduino UNO
 Bread Board
 Jumper wires
 Motor
 9V battery
 Cable ties
 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Software Specifications:

• Operating System used : Windows 10

• IDE used : Arduino IDE
• Technology used : Arduino IDE
BLOCK DIAGRAM
USAGE OF DIFFERENT
COMPONENTS
 ULTRASONIC SENSOR (HCSR04)
• Ultrasonic sensors works on a principle similar to radar which
evaluates a target by interpreting the echoes from sound
waves. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound
waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by the
sensor.
• Ultrasonic sensors collect the data and send it in real time to
the microcontroller. The microcontroller triggers the buzzer
after processing certain details.
 BUZZER
• It consists of piezo crystals between 2 conductors.
When a potential is applied across these crystals they
push on one conductor and pull on the other.
• This, push and pull action, results in a sound wave.

ARDUINO UNO
• The Ultrasonic sensor interfacing with the
microcontroller, the Arduino programming codes and
the real sensor is installed on the microcontroller was
part of our system.
• The Arduino UNO is an ATmega328p (data sheet)-
centered microcontroller device
 ARDUINO UNO
• Arduino UNO is a low-cost, flexible, and easy-to-use programmable open-source
microcontroller board that can be integrated into a variety of electronic projects.
• This board can be interfaced with other Arduino boards, Arduino shields, Raspberry
Pi boards and can control relays, LEDs, servos, and motors as an output.
• Arduino UNO features AVR microcontroller Atmega328, 6 analogue input pins, and
14 digital I/O pins out of which 6 are used as PWM output.
• This board contains a USB interface i.e. USB cable is used to connect the board with
the computer and Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) software is
used to program the board.
• The unit comes with 32KB flash memory that is used to store the number of
instructions while the SRAM is 2KB and EEPROM is 1KB.
COMPONENTS OF ARDUINO UNO
• ATmega328: This is the brain of the board in which the program is stored.
• Ground Pin: there are several ground pins incorporated on the board.
• PWM: the board contains 6 PWM pins. PWM stands for Pulse Width Modulation,
using this process we can control the speed of the servo motor, DC motor, and
brightness of the LED.
• Digital I/O Pins: there are 14 digital (0-13) I/O pins available on the board that can be
connected with external electronic components.
• Analogue Pins: there are 6 analogue pins integrated on the board. These pins can read
the analogue sensor and can convert it into a digital signal.
• AREF: It is an Analog Reference Pin used to set an external reference voltage.
• Reset Button: This button will reset the code loaded into the board. This button is
useful when the board hangs up, pressing this button will take the entire board into an
initial state.
• USB Interface: This interface is used to connect the board with the computer and to upload
the Arduino sketches (Arduino Program is called a Sketch)
• DC Power Jack: This is used to power up the board with a power supply.
• Power LED: This is a power LED that lights up when the board is connected with the
power source.
• Micro SD Card: The UNO board supports a micro SD card that allows the board to store
more information.
• VIN: It is the input voltage applied to the UNO board.
• Voltage Regulator: The voltage regulator controls the voltage that goes into the board.
• SPI: The SPI stands for Serial Peripheral Interface. Four Pins 10(SS), 11(MOSI),
12(MISO), 13(SCK) are used for this communication.
• TX/RX: Pins TX and RX are used for serial communication. The TX is a transmit pin used
to transmit the serial data while RX is a receive pin used to receive serial data.
 ARDUINO IDE
• The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload it to the board. This
software can be used with any Arduino board.
• It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that even a common person with no
prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process.
• It is available for all operating systems i.e. MAC, Windows, Linux and runs on the Java Platform that
comes with inbuilt functions and commands that play a vital role in debugging, editing and compiling
the code.
• A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, Arduino Micro and many
more.
• Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is actually programmed and accepts the
information in the form of code.
• The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will ultimately generate a Hex File
which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board.
• The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and Compiler where former is used for
writing the required code and later is used for compiling and uploading the code into the given Arduino
Module.
• This environment supports both C and C++ languages.
FLOW CHART
INTERFACING WITH CONTROLLER (BLUEPRINT)
 ADVANTAGES
• The system enables the blind person to move with the same ease and
confidence as sighted people
• Avoid the obstacle based on ultrasonic sensor
• Efficient low cost design
• It is portable
• Accidents can be reduced
• Low power consumption
• Auto detection
• Simple to use
• With little software and sensor up gradation, can extensible to any other
application and specification.
 FUTURE SCOPE
• It can be further enhanced by using VLSI technology to design the PCB
unit.
• This makes the system further more compact. Also, use of active RFID
tags will transmit the location information automatically to the PCB unit,
when the intelligent stick is in its range. The RFID sensor doesn’t have to
read it explicitly.
• The global position of the user is obtained using the GPS, and their current
position and guidance to their destination will be given to the user by
voice.
 IR SENSOR
• Infrared sensors can measure the heat of an
object, as well as motion.
• IR sensor works on the principle in which IR
LED emits IR radiation and Photodiode sense
that IR radiation

LIGHT SENSOR
• Photoresistor changes its resistance drastically based on
the ambient lighting in an environment. Exposed to
darkness, a photoresistor has a tremendous amount of
resistance.
• When exposed to bright light, a photoresistor’s resistance
drops drastically.
 FIRE SENSOR
• Thermistors usually have negative
temperature coefficients which means the
resistance of the thermistor decreases as the
temperature increases.
• Buzzer is used for its output

WATER SENSOR
• A water sensor is an electronic device that is
designed to detect the presence of water and
provide an alert in time to allow the
prevention of water damage.
 CONCLUSION
• The project proposed the design and architecture of a new concept of Smart
Electronic Guiding Stick for blind people.
• The advantage of the system lies in the fact that it in can prove to be very low
cost solution to millions of blind person worldwide.
• The proposed combination of various working units makes a real time system
that monitors position of the user and provides dual feedback making
navigation more safe and secure.
• It can be further improved to have more decision taking capabilities by
employing varied types of sensors and thus could be used for different
applications. It aims to solve the problems faced by the blind people in their
daily life. The system also takes measures to ensure their safety.