Chapter 1
Organization of the Human Body
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Definitions
Anatomy: science that studies structure
Physiology: science that studies body functions
Anatomy (structure) determines physiology
(functions)
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Levels of Organization
Chemical: atoms molecules
Cellular: cells containing organelles
Basic unit of life
Tissue: groups of cells and surrounding material
4 basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular,
nervous
Organ: group of tissues performing a common
function
System: group of organs with a common function
Organism: contains all systems of an individual
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Levels of Organization
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Life Processes
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
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Autopsy
Examination and dissection of a body to
determine the cause of death when life
processes have not been maintained
adequately.
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Homeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environment
Dynamic process because of many changes
Examples of variable factors
Body temperature
Blood pressure
Water and nutrient levels
Maintained by feedback systems
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Components of Homeostatic
Mechanisms
Stimulus disrupts a controlled variable
Receptor recognizes the change and
sends message = input (typically by nerve
pathways) to:
Control Center that evaluates input and
sends output to:
Effector that attempts to change the altered
variable
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Levels of Organization
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Negative Feedback Systems
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are
negative feedback systems
“Negative” means “opposite” (not “bad”)
These systems reverse a change in the
controlled variable, bringing it back to
“normal”
Example: high blood pressure (BP) is detected
and then lowered to normal BP
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Negative Feedback
Systems
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Negative Feedback Systems
Interactions Animation
Communication, Regulation and Homeostasi
s
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Positive Feedback Systems
Few homeostatic control mechanisms are of
this type
These systems strengthen a change and
must be shut down by an outside force.
Examples:
Contractions of uterus cause even more
contractions (and more…) at child birth
Hormonal control of ovulation
Systems that control blood clotting
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Clinical Terms
Disorder: abnormality of structure/function
Disease: specific illness characterized by
signs and symptoms
Symptoms: subjective changes not observable
from outside a person. Examples: pain,
headache, nausea
Signs: observable or measurable changes.
Examples: high BP, ankle swelling, fever
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Aging and Homeostasis
Normal process that:
Includes a progressive loss in the ability to
maintain homeostasis
Affects all body systems
Can be slowed down or minimized by healthy
living
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Aging and Homeostasis
Interactions Animation
Homeostatic Relationships
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Anatomical Terms
Precise use of language to define position,
direction, and location in the body.
Anatomical position
Stands erect facing the observer, with head level and
eyes facing forward, and palms facing forward
Common and anatomical terms
Directional terms
Planes and sections
Body cavities
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Anatomical Position
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Directional Terms
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Planes Through the Human Body
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Planes and Sections: Brain
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Planes and Sections: Brain
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Planes and Sections: Brain
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Anatomical Terms
Body cavities
Cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord)
Thoracic (chest cavity): pleural, pericardial, and
mediastinal (region between lungs)
Abdominopelvic (inferior to diaphragm):
Abdominal
Larger; contains most abdominopelvic organs
Subdivided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants
Pelvic
More inferior and smaller
Contains urinary bladder, lowest portions of digestive
tract, and internal reproductive organs
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Anatomical Terms
Body cavities
Serous membranes are located in thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities
Functions: protect organs, reduce friction
Layers
Visceral layer covers organs
Parietal layer lines cavity
Names:
Pleural (covers lungs, lines thorax)
Pericardial (covers heart, lines central part of thorax)
Peritoneal (covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity)
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Body Cavities
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Body Cavities
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Abdominopelvic Cavity: 9 Regions
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Abdominopelvic Cavity: 9 Regions
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Abdominopelvic Cavity: 4 Quadrants
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End of Chapter 1
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