MCR3U E x a m Review 1

Polynomials

A polynomial is an algebraic expression with real coefficients and non-negative integer exponents.

A polynomial with 1 term is called a monomial, 7 x .

A polynomial with 2 terms is called a binomial, 3x 2 – 9.
A polynomial with 3 terms is called a trinomial, 3x 2 +7 x–9.

The degree of the polynomial is determined by the value of the highest exponent of the variable in the
polynomial.
e.g. 3x 2 + 7 x – 9 , degree is 2.

For polynomials with one variable, if the degree is 0, then it is called a constant.
If the degree is 1, then it is called linear.
If the degree is 2, then it is called quadratic.
If the degree is 3, then it is called cubic.

We can add and subtract polynomials by

e.g. Simplify.
collecting like terms.
The negative in front of the brackets
(5 x 4 – x 2 – 2)– (x4 – 2x 3 + 3x 2 – applies to every term inside the brackets.
5) That is, you multiply each term by ±1.

! 5x 4 – x 24 –
+ 22x–3 x–4 x+2 2x
– 3x
3
– 22 + 5
–2 3x
5
! 4x 4 + 2x 3 – 4x 2 + 3

To multiply polynomials, multiply each term in the first polynomial by each term in the second.

e.g. Expand and simplify.

(x + 4 )(x
2 2
– 2x + 3)

! x 4 – 2x 3 + 3x 2 + 4x 2 – 8x + 12

! x 4 – 2x 3 + 7 x 2 – 8x + 12

Factoring Polynomials

To expand means to write a product of polynomials as a sum or a difference of terms.

To factor means to write a sum or a difference of terms as a product of polynomials.

Factoring is the inverse operation of expanding.

Expanding 0
(2x + 3)(3x – 7 )!
6x 2 – 5x – 21
0 Factoring Sum or
Product of
difference of
polynomials terms
MCR3U E xa m Review 2

Types of factoring:

Common Factors: factors that are common among each term.

e.g. Factor,
35m 3 n 3 – 21m 2 n 2 + 56m 2 n Each term is divisible by 7 2
n.
! 7m
2
n (5mn 2 – 3n + 8)

Factor by grouping: group terms to help in the factoring process.

1+6x+9x 2 is a perfect
e.g. Factor, Group 4 x ± 4nx and square trinomial
A : 4 x + ny – 4nx – ny ± y, factor each B :1 + 6x + 9x 2 – 4
group y2
y ! 4 x – 4nx + ny – y Difference of squares

! 4 x(
– n)+ y(n – ) Recall n ± = ±(m !! (1
[(1++3x) – 24 y][(1
3x) +
2
y 2
+ 3x) – 2
± n) y]
! 4 x( – n)– y( –
n) C om mon factor ! (1 + 3x + 2 y)(1 + 3x – 2 y)
! (4x – y)( – n)
Factoring ax 2 + b x + c
Find the product of a c . Find two numbers that multiply to a c and add to b .
e.g. Factor,
: y 2 + 9 y +14 Product = 3(±6) = ±18 = ±9(2)
Product = 14 = 2( 7 ) B : 3x 2 – 7 xy – 6 y 2
! y2 +7y+2y S u m = ± 7 = ±9 + 2
Sum = 9 = 2 + 7 ! 3x 2 – 9xy + 2 xy – 6 y 2 Decompose middle term ± 7xy
+
! 14
y( y + 7 ) + 2( y + into ±9xy + 2xy.
7)
! 3x( x – 3 y) + 2 y( x – 3
Factor by grouping.
y)
! ( y + 2)( y + 7 )
! (3x + 2 y)( x – 3 y)

Sometimes polynomials can be factored using special patterns .

Perfect square trinomial a 2 + 2a b + b

2
! (a + b )(a + or a 2 – 2a b + b
2
! (a – b )(a –
e.g. Factor, b) b)

A : 4 p 2 + 12 p + 9 – 80 xy +16 y
: 100 x 2 2

! (2 p + 3)2 ! 4(25x – 20 xy + 4 y
2

2
)
! 4(5 x – 2 y)(5 x – 2 y)
D ifference of squares
a 2 – b 2 ! (a + b )(a –
e.g. Factor, 9x 2
–4y !2
) + 2 y)(3x –
b(3x
2 y)

Things to think about when factoring:

• Is there a common factor?
• C an I factor by grouping?
• Are there any special patterns?
• C heck, can I factor x + b x + c ?
2

•
C heck, can I factor ax + b x + c ?
2
MCR3U E x a m Review 3

Rational Expressions
F
For polynomials F and G , a rational expression is formed when ,G { 0.
G
3x + 7
e.g.
21x 2 + 14 x + 9

S implifying Rational Expressions

e.g. Simplify and state the restrictions.
m2 – 9 (m + 3)(m – Factor the numerator and denominator.
!
m 2 3)+ 6m + 9 (m + 3)(m + Note the restrictions. m { –3
3)
Simplify.
(m + 3)(m
(m 3)(m +–
! 3)
3) m – 3
! m + , m { –3 State the restrictions.
3
Multiplying a n d D ividing Rational Expressions
e.g. Simplify and state the restrictions.
x 2 + 7 x x 2 + 3x x2 – 9 x2 – 4 x +
A: 2 v B: 2 z
+x 2–1 x 2 +14x + 49 x 3+ 5x + 4 x 2 + 5x +
x(x + 7 ) (x +1)(x 4
v Factor. Factor.
! ( x + 3)( x – 3) ( x –1)( x –
(x +
+1)(
2) x –1) ( x + 7 )( x + Note restrictions. ! z Note restrictions.
7) 3) ( x + 4)( x +1) ( x + 4)
! Simplify. ( x + 1)
Invert and multiply.
+1)(+x 7–)1) ( x (x+ +7 )(1)(x
(x x(x x+ + Note any n e w restrictions.
7)
v
( x + 3)( x – 3) ( x + 4)( x
! 2) x(x + 2) , x { s1, – 7 State restrictions. ! v Simplify.
(x –1)(x + 7 ) +1)
( x(+x +4)(
3) x +1) ( x –1)( x
State restrictions.
! – ( x3)–1) , x { –4, s 1, 3

( x + 3)( x – 3) ( x + 4)( x
A dding a n d S ubtracting Rational Expressions ! v
e.g. Simplify and state the restrictions. +1)
3 5 ( x + 4)( x +1) ( x –1)(
Factor.
x
A: 2 + Factor.
Note restrictions.
x –4 x+ Note restrictions. : – 23) – 3
2
Simplify if possible.
2 3 5 Simplify if possible. x2 – xy xy – y
! +
( x – 2)( x + 2) x + 2 3
2
! Find L C D.
3 5( x – Find L C D . x( x – y) y( x – Write all terms
! + 2) – y) 2 y
Write all terms
( x – 2)( x + 2) ( x + 2)( x – 3x using L C D .

2)3 + 5x –
using L C D. ! –
xy( x – y) xy( x –
! Add. y)2 y – 3x
( x10+ 2)( x – Subtract.
! ,x { 0, y, y { 0 State restrictions.
–7
2) 5x xy( x –
! , x { s2 State restrictions.
y)
( x + 2)( x –
2)
Note that after addition or subtraction it may be possible to factor the numerator and simplify the
expression further. Always reduce the answer to lowest terms.
 MCR3U E x a m Review 4

Radicals

e.g. n
a, is called the radical sign, n is the index of the radical, and a is called the radicand.
3 is said to be a radical of order 2. 3
8 is a radical of order 3.

Like radicals: 5, 2 5, – 5 Unlike radicals: 5, 3

5,
3
Same3order, like radicands
Different order Different radicands
Entire radicals: 8, 16 , 29
Mixed radicals: 4 2 , 2 3, 5 7

A radical in simplest form meets the following conditions:

For a radical of order The radicand contains The radicand contains The index of a radical
n, the radicand has no no fractions. no factors with must be as small as
factor that is the nth negative exponents. possible.
power of an integer. 3 3 2 1
! 2 v
–1
a ! 2
32 3
8 ! 4v2 2 2 a 4
!
Not
simplest
! 6 3
! 22 ! 1 a !
av
form 22 Simplest form
v! 22 2
! 6
Simplest form 22 !
Simplest aa
! form a2 Simplest
6
2 ! form
a

A ddition a n d S ubtraction of Radicals

To add or subtract radicals, you add or subtract the coefficients of
each radical.

e.g.
2 12 – 5 2 7 + 3 40 ! 2 4 v 3 – 5 9 v 3 + 3 4
Simplify. Express each radical in simplest form.
v 10
!! ( ) ( )+ 3(2
4 32 –315 – 35 +36 3
2 C ollect like radicals. Add and subtract.
10
10 )
! –11 3 + 6 10
Multiplying Radicals

av b ! ab , a u 0,
b u 0
e.g. Simplify.
( 2 + 2 3 )( 2 – 3 3 ) ! ( 2 )( 2 )– ( 2 )(3 3 )+ (2 3 )( 2 )– Use the distributive property to expand
(2 3 )(3 3 ) ! 2–3 6+2 6–
Multiply coefficients together. Multiply radicands together.
6(3)
!! 2–16
– 18– – 63 6 + 26
C oll ec t like terms. Express in simplest form.
MCR3U E x a m Review 5

Conjugates Opposite signs

(a b ) (
+ c d and a b –c d )are called conjugates.
Same terms Same terms

When conjugates are multiplied the result is a rational expression (no radicals).
e.g. Find the product.
( 5+3 2 )( 5–3 2 )! ( 5 ) – (3 2 )
2 2

! 5 – 9(2)
! 5 –18
! –13

D ividing Radicals

e.g. Simplify.
a.! a , a, b ϵ R, a u 0, b u 2 10 +3 30 2 10 3 30
0 ! +
b. b 5 5 5

! 2 10
+3

30
P ri m e Factorization 5 5
e.g. ! 2 180
Factor a number into its prime 3 60
factors using the tree diagram 2 +3 6 6 10
method.
2 3 2 5
180 ! (2 )(3 )
2 2

(5 )
Exponent Rules

Rule D escription Example

Product a vam
! n
42 v 4 5 ! 4 7

Quotient am+ n a m za ! n
54 z 52 !
Power of am – n (a ) ! m n
52
a power
¨(33 )¸ !
Power of a quotient am v n n 2 54
358
¨© ¸ a
a n
© !
! ,b { 0 3
¹ ¹
Zero as an exponent la b ! 1 b n
0 l 4º 45
º –m 1 7
0
!
Negative exponents –2 1
a ! am , a { 0 91 ! 9
2

Rational Exponents m 4

(
m 4
3 4 3
a
n
! n
am ! n
a 27
3
! 2 7 !
) ( 27 )
MCR3U E x a m Review 6

e.g. Evaluate. e.g. Simplify.

–2
¨ b 3 ¸ 3( –2 )

(3 0
+3 2
)
–2
! (1+ Follow the order ©
©2a – ¹¹ !
b
Power of a quotient.
of operations. l 3
º (2a
–3 –2
)
9)–2 Evaluate
–6
brackets first. ! b Power of a product.
! 10
1–2 –2 –3(–2)
! 2 a
2
10 2 –6

1 2 b
! !
a6
100
! 4
6 6
a b

S olving Exponential Equations

e.g. Solve for x.
9 x–2 – 8 ! 7 3 Add 8 to both sides. x–2! When the bases are LS ! 9 x–2 – 8 RS ! 73
Simplify. 2 the same, equate the
9 x–2 ! 7 3 + exponents. ! 94–2 – 8
8 x–2 x ! 2+
9 ! 81 Note L S and R S are powers of Solve for x. ! 81 – 8
9, so rewrite them as powers 2
9 x–2 ! 92 ! 7 3 ! RS x ! 4 checks
using the same base. ! 4 forget to check your solution!
xDon¶t

Functions

A relation is a relationship between two sets. Relations can be described using:

an equation an arrow diagram a graph a table
g
y ! 3x 2 – 7 x y
8 -1
2

1 2
in words 0 7 2 3
³output is three more than input´ 6 -3 3 4
3 -5 -2
4 3
a set of ordered pairs
{(1, 2),(0,3),(4,8)}

function notation
f ( x) ! x 2 – 3x

The domain of a relation is the set of possible input values (x values).

The ra nge is the set of possible output values (y values).

e.g. State the domain and range.

A: {(1, 2),(0,3),(4,8)} B: Looking at the graph we
C: y! x–5
4

Domain = {0, 1, 4} can see that y does not go

Range = {2, 3, 8} 2
below 0. Thus, What value of x will
Domain = R make x ± 5 = 0? x = 5
Range = { y | y ? 0, y E The radicand cannot be less
R} than zero, so
Domain = {x | x ? 5, x E R }
Range = { y | y ? 0, y E R }
MCR3U E x a m Review 7

A function is a special type of relation in which every element of the domain corresponds to exactly
one element of the range.
y ! x – 7 and y ! x 2 + 15 are examples of functions. y ! s x is not a function because for every
value of x there are two values of y.

The vertical line test is used to determine if a graph of a relation is a function. If a vertical line can be
passed along the entire length of the graph and it never touches more than one point at a time, then the
relation is a function.
e.g. A: B:
This passes The line passes through
4 4

the vertical more than one point, so this

2
line test, so relation fails the vertical
2

it is a line test. It is not a function.

function.

Inverse Functions
The inverse, f – 1 , of a relation, f , maps each output of the original relation back onto the
corresponding input value. The domain of the inverse is the range of the function, and the range of the
inverse is the domain of the function. That is, if (a, b ) E f , then ( b , a) E f –1
. The graph of y ! f –1
( x)
is the reflection of the graph y ! f ( x) in the line y ! x .

3x – 1
e.g. Given f ( x) ! 5 .
Evaluate f (–3) . Evaluate 3 f (2) +
1
You want to find the value of
3(–3) – 1 «3(2) –1»
f (–3) ! Replace all 3 f (2) + 1 ! 3L¬ 5 ¼ ½
+1 the expression 3 f (2) +1.
5 x¶s with ±3.
Evaluate. You are not solving for f
– «6 – (2) .
f (–3) ! ! 3¬L 5 ¼
9
1» ½
–1
f (–3) ! ¨ 5 +1
5 5 ! 3©5 ¹ + 1
l¸ º
f (–3) ! ––210 ! 3(1)
+1
Determine f –1
( x) . 3 f (2) + 1 ! 4
Evaluate
–1 f –5x
1
(2)
3x –1 3x – 1 +1 If you have not already determined
y ! 5 Rewrite f (x) as y !
5
f ( x) ! 3 f
–1
( x) do so.
3y– –1 5(2) + –1
x ! 1 5
Interchange x and y.
f (2) ! Using f ( x) , replace all x¶s with
Solve for y. 1 3 2.
5x ! 3 y –1 Evaluate.
10 + 1
3y! 5x ! 3
+1 –1
11
3 f (2) ! 3
5x + 1
y !
5x
@ f – ( x) !
1

3
+1
MCR3U E x a m Review 8

e.g. Sketch the graph of the inverse of the given function y ! f ( x ).

4 4 4

y! f –1
( x)
2 2 2

Draw the Reflect the

line y = x. graph in the
line y = x.

y ! f (x)
-2 -2 -2

-4 -4 -4

The inverse of a function is not necessarily going to be a function. If you would like the inverse to also
be a function, you may have to restrict the domain or range of the original function. For the example
above, the inverse will only be a function if we restrict the domain to {x | x ? 0, x E R } or
{x | x ≤ 0, x E R }.

Transformations of Functions
To graph y ! af [k (x – p)] + q from the graph y ! f ( x) consider:
a ± determines the vertical stretch. The graph y ! f ( x) is stretched vertically by a factor of a. If a < 0
then the graph is reflected in the x-axis, as well.
k ± determines the horizontal stretch. The graph y ! f ( x) is stretched horizontally by a factor of 1 .
If
k
k < 0 then the graph is also reflected in the y-axis.
p ± determines the horizontal translation. If p > 0 the graph shifts to the right by p units. If p < 0 then
the graph shifts left by p units.
q ± determines the vertical translation. If q > 0 the graph shifts up by q units. If q < 0 then the graph
shifts down by q units.
When applying transformations to a graph the stretches and reflections should be
4

applied before any translations. 2

e.g. The graph of y ! f ( x) is e.g. Given the graph of y ! f (x) sketch the
transformed into graph of y ! 2 f (– (x – 2))+1 2

y ! 3 f (2x – 4) . Describe the 4

4

y ! f ( x)
transformations.
4

Stretch vertically Reflect in y-axis.

2 2

b a factor of
First, factor inside the 2.
brackets to determine the
values of k and p. 2 2

y ! 3 f (2(x – 2))
4
4

a ! 3, k ! 2, p ! 2
There is a vertical stretch of
4
4

Shift to the
Shift up by 1.
3. 2
right by 2. 2

1
A horizontal stretch of .
2
The graph will be shifted 2 2
2

This is the graph of

units to the right.
y ! 2f (– (x – 2))+1
4
4
MCR3U E x a m Review 4
9
a>0
Q u a dr a t i c Functions 2

minimum
The graph of the quadratic function, f ( x) ! ax 2 + b x + c , is a parabola. -5 5

When a " 0 the parabola opens up. When a  0 the parabola opens down. maximum
-2

a<0
V ertex F o r m : f ( x) ! a( x – h)2 +k
-4

The vertex is (h, k ) . The maximum or minimum value is k.

The axis of symmetry is y = h.
Factored Form: f ( x) ! a( x – p)( x – S t a n d a r d Form: f ( x) ! ax2 + bx +
c
q) The zeroes are x ! p and x ! The y-intercept is c .
q.
Complete the squar e to change the standard form to vertex form.
e.g.
f ( x) ! –2 x 2 – 12 x + 7 Factor the coefficient of x 2 form the terms with x2 and x.
(
f ( x) ! –2 x2 + 6 x + ) Divide the coefficient of x by 2. Square this number. Add and subtract it.

7f ( x) ! –2(x 2
+ 6 x + 3 2 – 3 2 )+ 7
Bring the last term inside the bracket outside the brackets.
f ( x) ! –2(x 2
+ 6 x + 3 )– 2( – 3 ) +
2 2

Factor the perfect square trinomial inside the brackets.

7f ( x) ! –2( x + 3) – 2( – 9) +
2

7 Simplify.
f ( x) ! –2( x + 3) + 25 2

M a x i m u m a n d M i n i m u m V alues
V ertex form, maximum/minimum value is k.
Factored form:
e.g. Determine the maximum or minimum
value ofThe
f ( x) ! (x of
zeroes –1)(x – 7 ) .
f ( x ) are equidistant from the axis of symmetry. The zeroes are x ! 1 and x ! 7 .
1+ 7 The axis of symmetry is x = 4. The axis of symmetry passes through the vertex.
x!
The x-coordinate of the vertex is 4. To find the y-coordinate of the vertex,
2 evaluate f (4) .
x! 4
f (4) ! (4 –1)(4 – 7 )
f (4) ! 3(–3) The vertex is (4, – 9 ) . Because a is positive ( a ! 1 ), the graph opens up. The
f (4) ! –9 minimum value is ±9.

Standard form:
e.g. Determine the maximum or minimum value of f ( x) ! – 2x 2 – 10 x + 10 without completing the square.
g ( x) ! – 2x 2 – 10 x is a vertical translation of f ( x) ! – 2x 2 – 10 x + 10 with y-intercept of 0.
g ( x) ! – 2x(x + x ! 0, – 5 are the zeroes.
Factor g ( x) ! –2 x – 10 x to
2
5) determine
zeroes, then find the axis of symmetry. Both
x ! –2.5 is the x-coordinate of vertex.
2
0–5 f (x) and g (x) will have the same x-
fx (!–2.5) ! ! ––2(2.5
–2.5)2 –10(–2.5) +10 coordinates for the vertex. To find the y-
The y-coordinate of vertex coordinate for f(x) simply evaluate f(x) using
f (–2.5) ! 22.5
is 22.5. It is a maximum the same x-coordinate.
because the graph opens
down.
MCR3U E x a m Review 10

Zeroes
To determine the number of zeroes of a quadratic function consider the form of the function.
V ertex form: If a and k have opposite signs there are 2 zeroes (2 roots).
If a and k have the same sign there are no zeroes (0 roots).
If k = 0 there is one zero (1 root).
Factored form: f ( x) ! a ( x – p)( x – q)  2 zeroes. The zeroes are x ! p and x !
q.

Standard form: f ( x)
C heck
! discriminant.
a( x – p) D !1 zero.
2
b –
The zero is x = p.
2

4a c If D  0 there are no zeroes.

If D ! 0 there is 1 zero.
If D " 0 there are 2 zeroes.

To determine the zeroes of from the standard form use the quadra tic formula .
–bs b
2

For , ax 2 + bx + c ! 0 use x to solve for x.

! – 4 a c 2a

Reciprocal functions

1 1
The reciprocal function of a function, f , is defined as , you should
f . To help you graph y ! f
use the following: ( x)
1
The vertical asymptotes of y ! will occur where f ( x) ! 0
f ( x)
1 1
As f ( x) increases, decreases. As f ( x) decreases, increases.
f (x) f ( x)
1 1
For f (x) " 0 , 
f (x) > 0 . For f (x)  0 , f ( x)
0.
1
always passes through the points where f ( x) ! 1 or f (x) ! –1.
The graph of y ! f ( x)
You may find it helpful to sketch the graph of y ! f ( x) first, before you graph the reciprocal.
4

1 y ! x 2 – 4x
e.g. Sketch the graph of y ! .
x2 – 4 x 2

Look at the function f ( x) ! x 2 –

4x . Factor it. f ( x) ! x(x – 4) . 5

The zeroes are x = 0, and x = 4. The vertical -2

asymptotes will be at x = 0, and x = 4.

You could sketch the graph of f ( x) ! x 2 –
-4

4x 4

to see where the function increases and

decreases, where f (x) ! 1 or ±1. Use the 2

1
y!
information above to help you sketch the x2 – 4x

reciprocal. 5

-2

-4

V e r tic a l asymptotes
MCR3U Exam Review 11

Exponential Functions
6
6

f(x) = 2 x
In general, the exponential function f(x) = 2 x - 2 +3

4 is defined by the equation, y ! a x 4

or f ( x) ! a x , a " 0, x E R .
2
Transformations apply to 2

exponential functions the same way

they do to all other functions.

Exponential Growth and D ecay

Population growth and radioactive decay can be modelled using exponential functions.
t

/ 1 [h
t

Growth: N (t) ! N 0 (2) d N 0 - initial amount Decay: N (t ) ! 0 | | N 0 - initial amount

N l 2♩
t ± time elapsed t ± time elapsed
d ± doubling period h ± half-life
N (t) - amount at time t N (t) - amount at time t

Compound Interest
C alculating the future amount: ! P(1 + i) n A ± future amount P ± present (initial) amount
C alculating the present amount: P ! A(1 + i) – n i ± interest rate per conversion period
n ± number of conversion periods

Trigonometry

Given a right angle triangle we can use the following ratios

Primary Trigonometric Ratios r
y
y x
sin
g= cosg
g =x= tan
r r
y g
Reciprocal Trigonometric Ratios
r x
x
1 r 1 cotU ! ! 1
cscU ! secU !
sin U
y tanU
y x cosU
! !
Trigonometry of Oblique Triangles A
Sine Law
a b c
! ! b c
sin A sin B sin C
C a n be used when you know ASA, AAS, SSA

Cosine Law
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 – 2 b c cos A C a B
C an be used when you know SSS, SAS
MCR3U E xa m Review 12

When you know SSA it is considered the ambiguous case. C

Angle C onditions # of Triangles

< b sin
Q
Z A  90 a 0 b a

A 1 b SinA

a ! b sin A 2 C
A
Q B
0
Z A " 90 a " b sin b
a

Aa e b 1
A
B
a" b

Trigonometric Identities
sinU
Pythagorean Identity: sin 2 U + cos 2 U ! 1 Quotient Identity: tanU !
cosU
e.g. Prove the identity. sin U + 2 cos U – 1 ! cos 2 2 2

U S = sin 2 g + 2 cos 2 g – 1 Work with each side separately.

Look for the quotient or Pythagorean identities.
= sin g + cos g + cos g
2 2 2
You may need to factor, simplify or split terms up.
–1 When you are done, write a concluding statement.

= + cos
= 1cos g =g –1 Since LS=RS then sin g + 2 cos g –1 = cos g is true for all values of
2
2
2 2 2

RS g.
Periodic Functions
A periodic function has a repeating pattern. The period is the length of the cycle.
The cycle is the smallest complete repeating The amplitude is the magnitude of the vertical
pattern. distance from the axis of the curve to the
The axis of the curve is a horizontal line maximum or minimum value. The equation is
that is
max value – min value
midway between the maximum and minimum a !
values of the graph. The equation is 2
max value + min value
y ! .
Trigonometric 2Functions
The graphs of y = sing , y = cosg , and y = tang are shown
below.
1 y= y=
0.5
sing y = sing tang
Period = 360Û 5

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Amplitude = 1
50 100 150 200 250 300 350

-0.5
Zeroes = 0Û,
180Û,
-1 360Û« -5

1
y =
0.5
cosg y = cosg y ! tanU
Period = 360Û
Period = 180Û
Amplitude = 1
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Zeroes = 0Û, 180Û, 360Û«
-0.5
Zeroes = 9 0 Û, V ertical asymptotes = 90Û, 2 7 0Û«

-1 2 7 0Û«
MCR3U E x a m Review 13

Transformations of Trigonometric Functions

Transformations apply to trig functions as they do to any other function.

The graphs of y = a sin k (g + b ) + d and y = a cos k (g + b ) + d are transformations of the

graphs
y = sing and y = cosg respectively.

The value of a determines the vertical stretch, called the amplitude .

It alsovalue
tells of
whether the curve in the gThe 1
The k determines the ishorizontal
reflected stretch. -axis.
graph is stretched by a factor of . We can use
k
this value to determine the period of the transformation of y = sing or y =
cosg . 180 Q
The period of y = sin kg or y = cos kg
Q
is , k > 0. The period of y
, k > 0. = tan kg is
360 k k
The value of b determines the horizontal translation, known as the phase shift .
The value of d determines the vertical translation. y = d is the equation of the axis of the curve .
e.g. e.g.

sin (U +
1
y ! cos 2U y !
+1 2
2

g(x) = cos(2x)+1
45Q ) 1

1.5

0.5

1
g(x) = 0.5sin(x+45)
0.5
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 -0.5

-0.5

f( x) = cos (x) -1 f(x) = sin(x)

-1