Respiratory and

Circulatory Systems
Working with the
other Organ Systems
 Material exchange in the
body
takes place in

Circulatory respiratory
system
consists of 3 main components consistssystem
of major organs

nose pharyn laryn trache bronch lungs

x x a i
transported throughout
heart pumps blood the body by the Blood vessels
have 3 main types
consists of
capillarie arteries veins
s
solid components Liquid
(RBC, WBC, and Platelets)
▪ Why do you breathe?
▪ Why does the heart
beat?
▪ Why is oxygen essential
to life?
Why we need
oxygen
Oxygen ? integral part of
is an
the atmosphere; it is an
essential element to support
life. Oxygen plays a vital role
in carrying out metabolic
functions of cells, enabling us
to survive.
When we catch our breath
Air enters the body through a
process called breathing.
Breathing is defined as the act
of drawing air into (inhalation)
and eliminating air out
(exhalation) of the lungs.
respiratory
system
respirator Functions:
Works closely with

system
circulatory system,
y exchanging gases between air
and blood:
• Takes up oxygen from
air and supplies it to
blood (for cellular
respiration).
• Removal and disposal of
carbon dioxide from
blood (waste product
 The respiratory
respirator system is

system
y responsible for the
exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide.
respirator system
y Structure
• Nose
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli
respirator system
y 1. Nose (Nasal Cavity):
Air enters nostrils, is
filtered by hairs, warmed,
moistened, and sampled
for odors as it flows
through a maze of nasal
passages.
respirator system
y (Throat):
2. Pharynx
Intersection where
pathway for air and food
cross. Most of the time,
the pathway for air is
open, except when we
swallow.
respirator system
y 3. Larynx (Voice Box):
Reinforced with cartilage. Contains
vocal cords, which allow us to make
sounds by voluntarily tensing
muscles.
• High pitched sounds: Vocal cords
are tense, vibrate fast.
• Low pitched sounds: Vocal cords
are relaxed, vibrate slowly.
• More prominent in males
(Adam’s apple).
respirator system
y 4. Trachea
(Windpipe):
Rings of cartilage
maintain shape of
trachea, to prevent it from
closing. Forks into two
bronchi.
 respirator system
y
5. Bronchi (Sing.
Bronchus):
Each bronchus leads into a
lung and branches into
smaller and smaller
bronchioles, resembling
an inverted tree.
respirator system
y 6. Bronchioles:
Fine tubes that allow
passage of air. Epithelium
of bronchioles is covered
with cilia and mucus to
trap and remove dust and
other particles.
 respirator system
y
7. Alveoli:
Air sacs at the end
of bronchioles
where gas
exchange takes
place.
respirator system
y
 respirator system
y
HOW
BREATHING
LUNGS
• Lungs are sealed in pleural
membranes inside the chest
WORK cavity.
• At the bottom of the cavity
is a large, flat muscle
known as the diaphragm.
respirator system
y
HOW
LUNGS • During inhalation, the diaphragm
contracts and the rib cage rises up.
• This expands the volume of the chest
WORK cavity.
• The chest cavity is sealed, so this creates
a partial vacuum inside the cavity.
• Atmospheric pressure fills the lungs as air
rushes into the breathing passages.
 respirator system
y
HOW Air Exhaled

• Often exhaling is a passive

LUNGS event.
Rib cage
lowers

• When the rib cage lowers and

WORK
the diaphragm relaxes, pressure
in the chest cavity is greater than
atmospheric pressure.
• Air is pushed out of the lungs. Exhalation
physiology of
respiration
The breathing mechanism allows the transport
oxygen into the bloodstream so that the gas can
be distributed to all the cells of the body, where
food molecules are broken down to produce
energy. To supply the body with oxygen, the
respiratory system carries out three major
functions.
physiology of
respiration
THREE MAJOR FUNCTIONS:
1. Pulmonary Ventilation
The process by which air moves in and out of
the lungs.
This is also known as BREATHING.
physiology of
External Respirationrespiration
THREE MAJOR FUNCTIONS:
2.
The process by which carbon dioxide from the
cells is expelled from the lungs as the blood in the
lungs picks up a fresh load of oxygen. In this
process, the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide takes place between the air and the blood
within the lungs.
physiology of
Internal Respiration respiration
THREE MAJOR FUNCTIONS:
3.
The exchange of gases that occurs between the
blood and the blood cells.
 DISEASES OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Asthma: Condition in which breathing is impaired by constriction of
bronchi and bronchioles, cough, and thick mucus secretions. The severity
and incidence of asthma has risen dramatically in recent years, especially
in children. May be fatal if not treated.

Causes: Attacks may be precipitated by inhalation of allergens (e.g.:

pollen, cats, and cockroach proteins), pollutants, infection, or emotional
stress.
Treatment: Alleviates symptoms (e.g.: immuno-suppressors,
bronchodilators), but is not a cure.
 DISEASES OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Bronchitis: Inflammation of the mucous
membranes of the bronchi. May present with
cough, fever, chest or back pain, and fatigue.

Causes: Associated with smoking, pollution, and

bacterial or viral infections.
 DISEASES OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Pneumonia: Acute inflammation of the
lungs. Symptoms include high fever, chills,
headache, cough, and chest pain.

Causes: Bacterial, fungal, or viral infections.

Treatment: Antibiotics or other
antimicrobials.
 DISEASES OF THE
RESPIRATORY
Emphysema: SYSTEM
Permanent and irreversible destruction of
alveolar walls, resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange
surface.
Symptoms include shortness of breath, difficulty exhaling,
cough, weakness, anxiety, confusion, heart failure, lung edema
(swelling), and respiratory failure.

Causes: Smoking, pollution, old age, and infections.

Treatment: Oxygen to help breathing. No cure.
 DISEASES OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Lung Cancer: Cancerous growth that invades and destroys lung
tissue. Very high fatality rate.
Symptoms include bloody sputum, persistent cough, difficulty
breathing, chest pain, and repeated attacks of bronchitis or pneumonia.

Causes: Smoking (50% of all cases) and pollution (radon, asbestos).

Smokers are 10 times more likely to develop lung cancer than
nonsmokers.
Treatment: Surgery is most effective, but only 50% of all lung cancers
are operable by time of detection. Other treatments include radiation and
chemotherapy.
 DISEASES OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 DISEASES OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 circulator
system
y
(Cardiovascular System)
circulator system
y One of the most complex
organs in the body is the
heart. It is a highly muscular
organ about the size of a
closed fist. It is located in the
center of the thoracic cavity,
with its apex tilted slightly to
the left.
circulator system
Functions of the Circulatory
y System
• Circulate blood throughout entire
body for
• Transport of oxygen to cells
• Transport of CO2 away from cells
• Transport of nutrients (glucose) to
cells
• Movement of immune system
components (cells, antibodies)
• Transport of endocrine gland
secretions
circulator system
The main organs and their
y functions
Heart is the pump
Arteries and veins are main tubes
(plumbing)
• Arteries Away from Heart
• Veins to Heart
Capillaries is where diffusion happens
(oxygen, CO2, and glucose diffuse in or
out of blood)
Blood – transports material to every
cell of the body.
circulator system
y
Our circulatory system is a double circulatory
system.
Lung
s

the left side of the right side of

the system the system

deals with deals with

deoxygenated oxygenated
Body cells blood.
blood.
 The Heart
This is a vein. It These are arteries.
brings blood from the They carry blood
body, except the away from the heart.
lungs.

2 atria
Coronary
2 ventricles arteries, the
hearts own blood
supply
The heart has four chambers
 The Heart
Artery to Lungs Artery to Head and Body

Vein from Head and Body

Vein from Lungs

Right Atrium
Left Atrium

valve valve

Right Ventricle Left Ventricle

The Heart
NORMAL HUMAN HEART
 circulator system
blood fromythe heart gets around the body through blood
vessels
There are types of blood vessels:
a. ARTERY
b.VEIN
c. CAPILLARY
circulator system
y The ARTERY
Arteries have strong, muscular walls to carry blood away
from the heart.

the elastic fibres allow

the artery to stretch
under pressure

the thick muscle can

thick muscle and contract to push the
elastic fibres blood along.
circulator system
y The VEIN
Veins carry blood towards the heart.

veins have valves

which act to stop the
blood from going in
the wrong direction.
body muscles surround the veins
so that when they contract to
thin muscle and move the body, they also squeeze
elastic fibres the veins and push the blood along
the vessel.
circulator system
y The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins

they exchange materials

between the blood and
other body cells.

The exchange of materials

the wall of a capillary between the blood and the
is only one cell thick body can only occur through
capillaries.
 circulator system
y
Capillaries move
endotheliu
m
smooth
valve
blood between veins, connective
muscle
arteries, and cells. tissue

ARTER
Y CAPILLA VEIN
RIES

arteriole venul
 circulator system
y against artery walls.
Blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood pushing
– systolic pressure:
left ventricle
contracts
– diastolic pressure:
left ventricle relaxes

• High blood pressure can precede a heart attack or Left Ventricle

stroke.
 Circulatory diseases
Lifestyle plays a key role in circulatory
diseases.
Some choices lead to an increased risk of circulatory diseases.
• smoking
• long-term stress
• excessive weight
• lack of exercise
• diet low in fruits
and vegetables,
high in saturated
 Circulatory diseases
Circulatory diseases affect mainly the heart and the arteries.

– artery walls become

thick and inflexible
– plaque blocks blood
flow in arteries
 Circulatory diseases
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the
leading cause of death in Western countries.
• Modern research efforts have improved
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
• Major cardiovascular disorders include
atherosclerosis, stroke, heart attack,
aneurysm, and hypertension.
 Circulatory diseases
Hemophilia
• Hemophilia is an inherited clotting disorder due to a
deficiency in a clotting factor that produces abnormal
bleeding.
• Bumps and falls cause bleeding in the joints; cartilage
degeneration and resorption of bone can follow.
• The most frequent cause of death is bleeding into the brain
with accompanying neurological damage.
 Circulatory diseases
atherosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis is due to a build-up of fatty material
(plaque), mainly cholesterol, under the inner lining of
arteries.
• The plaque can cause a thrombus (blood clot) to
form.
• The thrombus can dislodge and lead to the bursting
 Circulatory diseases
Stroke, heart attack,
aneurysm
• Stroke results when an embolus lodges in a cerebral blood
vessel or a cerebral blood vessel bursts; a portion of the
brain dies due to lack of oxygen.
• Heart attack occurs when a portion of heart muscle dies
due to lack of oxygen.
 Circulatory diseases
Stroke, heart attack,
aneurysm
• Aneurysm is a ballooning of a blood vessel, usually in the
abdominal aorta or arteries leading to the brain.
• Death results if the aneurysm is in a large vessel and the
vessel bursts.
• Atherosclerosis and hypertension weaken blood vessels
over time, increasing the risk of aneurysm.
circulator system
y digested food
red blood cells white blood cells
what’s in
oxygen waste (urea)

carbon dioxide platelets

plasma hormones
 circulator system
y
THE BLOOD
Blood is a fluid that transports
oxygen and nourishment to the
body cells and aids in the
excretion of carbon dioxide and
waste products from the body. It
also helps maintain body
temperature and control pH.
 What makes up our blood?
• RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells
in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a
protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells.
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of the
immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens.
• PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that
contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting
factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection.
• PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are
carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called
coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.
What makes up our blood?

red blood cell

platelet

white blood cell

Abo rh blood combinations
– ABO blood group the most common
– Rh factor can be negative or positive
– blood types must be compatible for transfusions
 rh factors
• Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys to learn more
about the human anatomy because there are certain
similarities between the two species. While studying
Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered.
This protein is also present in the blood of some people.
Other people, however, do not have the protein.
• The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as
the Rh (for Rhesus) factor.
• If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to A+ A-
be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the B+ B-
protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). AB+ AB-
O+ O-
 Blood facts
• The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body,
which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
• Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of
the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to
the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It also fights against
infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy.
• There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of
blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and
one white cell.
 Material exchange in the
body
takes place in

Circulatory respiratory
system
consists of 3 main components consistssystem
of major organs

nose pharyn laryn trache bronch lungs

x x a i
transported throughout
heart pumps blood the body by the Blood vessels
have 3 main types
consists of
capillarie arteries veins
s
solid components Liquid
(RBC, WBC, and Platelets)