INTRODUCTION TO MOTIVATION

AND EMOTION REPORTER: Fernan, Donnelly

O
MOTIVATION
WHAT IS MOTIVATION?
"motivation" and “emotion” derive from the same Latin
verb movere (to move)
What is motivation? Motivation is what makes us: act
the way we do start, direct, maintain, and stop our
behaviours
Motivation is the: needs, wants, interests, and desires that
energise & direct behaviour.
Motives reflect: biological needs psychosocial needs
TWO MAJOR ORIGINS OF
HUMAN MOTIVES
Biological: Limited in range, but shared by all; related to
survival and reproduction – e.g., need for oxygen,
hydration, food, comfortable temperature, excretion, sleep.

Psychosocial: Wide variety between individuals and across

cultures – e.g., autonomy, affiliation, dominance,
exhibition, order Major origins tives
FIVE FUNCTIONS OF
MOTIVATIONAL CONCEPTS

1. Relate biology to behavior

2. Account for behavioural variability
3. Infer private states from public acts
4. Assign responsibility for actions
5. Explain perseverance despite adversity
THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF
HUMAN MOTIVES AND EMOTIONS
1 Everything we do is rooted in biology and shaped by culture and experience.
2.Thoughts provide the direction or goals of a motive
3.Feelings provide the strength or force behind motives
4.Both motivation and emotion work together to influence behaviour
EMOTION
WHAT IS EMOTION?
An evaluative response to a situation that typically
involves:
Cognition: Subjective, conscious experience
Physiology: Bodily arousal Behaviour:
Overt expression Can be a “positive” or
“negative” feeling or response
TAXONOMY OF EMOTION
Psychology has identified between 5 and 9 basic
emotional states.
Common 5 include:
anger fear ν sadness ν disgust ν
happiness
Additional emotions: contempt ,
shame , guilt , surprise , interest , anticipation , joy and
trust
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
AFFECT
Positive affect: pleasant emotions, drives approach type behaviour.
Negative affect: unpleasant emotions, drives avoidant type behaviour.
These are separate constructs rather than opposite ends of the same
continuum.
Within these two factors, emotions are substantially inter-correlated e.g.,
people who experience one negative emotion (e.g. anxiety) tend to experience
others (e.g. sadness, guilt).
 Motivation refers to forces that energise behaviour and includes two
components:
>what people want to do >how strongly they
want to do it
Different theoretical perspectives (e.g., evolutionary, cognitive) suggest different
reasons for motives
Emotion is an evaluative response that typically involves subjective experience,
physiological arousal and behavioural expression.
MOTIVATION THEORIES Reporter: Figueroa Andrea
What drives you to learn
about Psychology? Why did
you choose your course?
5 MAJOR THEORY OF
MOTIVATION
From the very beginning, when the human organisations were established,
various thinkers have tried to find out the answer to what motivates people
to work. Different approaches applied by them have resulted in a number
of theories concerning motivation.

1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory- HUMANISTIC THEORY:

It is probably safe to say that the most well-known theory of motivation is
Maslow’s need hierarchy theory. Maslow’s theory is based on the human
needs. Drawing chiefly on his clinical experience, he classified all human
needs into a hierarchical manner from the lower to the higher order.
In essence, he believed that once a given level of need is satisfied, it no longer
serves to motivate man. Then, the next higher level of need has to be activated in
order to motivate the man. 
2. Drive Reduction Theory(Clark Hull):
According to Clark Hull, humans have internal biological needs which motivates us to perform in
a certain way. These needs, or drives are defined by Hull as internal states of arousal or tension
which must be reduced.
3. Arousal Theory(Robert Yerkes): Arousal theory states that we are driven to maintain a
certain level of arousal in order to feel comfortable. Arousal refers to a state of emotional ,
intellectual and physical activity.
However, it is different fon drive reduction theory because it does not rely on reduction of tension,
but a amount.

4. Psyhoanalytic Theory:
Sigmund Freud believed that personality has three structures: Id, Ego and the super ego.
Pleasure principle- Id always seeks pleasure and avoids pain.
Reality Principle- Ego deals with the demands of reality; it tries to bring the individual pleasure
within the norms of society.
Personality theory have two basic drives: Eros and Thanatos ( Life and Death)
Psychoanalytic Theory states that everything we do, every thought we have, and every emotion
we experience has one of two goals: a) to help us to survive b) to prevent our destruction.
5. Instinct Theory (William James):
In biology, All creatures are born with specific innate knowledge about how to
survive.The innate tendencies are programmed at birth, they are in pour genes,
and even if the spider never saw a web before, never witnessed its creation, it
would still know how to create one.
 INTERACTION OF BIOLOGICAL &
CULTURAL FACTORS IN EMOTIONS AND
MOTIVATIONS
An emotion is a mental and physiological feeling state that directs our attention and guides our
behaviour. Whether it is the thrill of a roller-coaster ride that elicits an unexpected scream, the flush of
embarrassment that follows a public mistake, or the horror of a potential plane crash that creates an
exceptionally brilliant response in a pilot, emotions move our actions. Emotions normally serve an
adaptive role: We care for infants because of the love we feel for them, we avoid making a left turn onto a
crowded highway because we fear that a speeding truck may hit us, and we are particularly nice to Mandy
because we are feeling guilty that we did not go to her party. But emotions may also be destructive, such as
when a frustrating experience leads us to lash out at others who do not deserve it.
Motivations are closely related to emotions. A motivation is a driving force that initiates and directs
behaviour. Some motivations are biological, such as the motivation for food, water, and sex. But there are
a variety of other personal and social motivations that can influence behaviour, including the motivations
for social approval and acceptance, the motivation to achieve, and the motivation to take, or to avoid
taking, risks (Morsella, Bargh, & Gollwitzer, 2009). In each case we follow our motivations because they
are rewarding. As predicted by basic theories of operant learning, motivations lead us to engage in
particular behaviours because doing so makes us feel good.
EMOTIONS Reporter: Sadna Formentera
 EMOTIONS
-Made up of Cognitive, Behavioral, and Physiological changes that are all interrelated
-Emotions are temporary, unlike moods which can last much longer and are not necessarily discreet.
-Emotions can be negative or positive.
-Emotions, generally are involuntary .
EMOTION
- is an immediate specific positive or negative responses to internal thoughts or external environmental events.
FEELING
-is the subjective experience of an emotion, it’s what we refer to when we say things like “I feel angry” or “I feel
happy.”
MOOD
- Is a diffuse longer-lasting emotional state that doesn’t necessarily have an identifiable object or trigger.

THREE PARTS OF EMOTION

Subjective Experiences
Physiological Responses
Behavioral Responses
 PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE
-Physiological component of an emotion be bodily arousal like heart
beat or tense muscles

-Every Emotion produces different physiological responses within the

body which can distinct changes and pattern of the brain activation,
neurotransmitter production and automatic nervous sytem activity.
COGNITIVE RESPONSE
- Cognitive Component of an emotion is the subjective conscious experience of emotion
- Cognitive reaction are mental assessments that can include appraisals of what os
happening, expectations about the experience.

-BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE
-Behavioral component of emotion is characteristics overt expression of the emotions
behavior that the other people can read like particular facial expression or posture.
-Behavioral responses which can be evident in body language or facial expression.

Charles Darwin argued that particular emotion responses tend to

accompany the same emotional states in all members of the species.
Darwin suggested that the expression of emotion is genetically
determined this behavior has evolved and has been passed down
through generations in our genes.
HOW MANY EMOTIONS ARE
THERE?

INFINITE
 UNIVERSAL EMOTIONS
-A researcher Paul Ekman found that there are special set of six emotions that could be
easily identified by individual all around the world and these are known as the Universal
Emotions.
-Happiness -Disgust -Sadness. -Fear - Anger -Surprise
 HAPPINESS
Representing happiness of the raised cheeks. You
can see elevated corners of the mouth, sometimes
teeth are exposed. Sometimes wrinkles on the
outward corners of the eyes.

SADNESS

Sadness is represented by an uplifted inner

of the eyebrows, some downturn lips.
 ANGER

Anger is represented like this penetrating stare your eyelids are

tensed, your lips are peressed together.

DISGUST

Disgust is represented by raised cheeks, wrinkled nose, your

brows are lowered.
SURPRISE

Surprise represented raised eyebrows, eyes

are open wide, and jaw is dropped so they
have an open mouth.

COMMON SENSE-VIEW
- Stimulus and Emotion which in turn prompts some bodily arousal
- ruling with fear wich makes heart rate raise.
THEORIES OF EMOTION
James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schachter-Singer or Two Factor Theory
Lazarus Cognitive Mediational Theory

JAMES-LANGE
THEORY
In the midst 1880’s William
James and Karl Lange
suggested that instead of
emotion causing bodily
arousal,
Bodily arousal causes
Emotions
 Cannon - Bard Theory
Proposed that the physiological arousal of
emotions and the experienced of emotions
are entirely separate process that is a
stimulus causes the emotion.
Argues that you experience the
physiological response and the emotion at
the same time.

Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
introduce the factor of the cognition.
Argued that at the same time as your
Physiological response, you would appraise the
situation which means identifying the stimulus
and understanding why it has led you to feel that
emotion.
LAZARU’S COGNITIVE MEDIATIONAL THEORY
- After being exposed to a stressor , you appraise the threat, then you feel the emotion,
then you have a body response such as heart beat, sweat.