TOPIC 1.

1 – INTRO TO CELLS
1.1 – A – Cell Theory
IB BIO – 1.1 Biology is the study of living organisms and matter in all forms. Its
3

area of interest range from biomolecules to the entire biosphere.

INTRO

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IB BIO – 1.1 During the 17th century, cells were observed for the first time as a
4

Understandings result of developments in microscopy. The observations of several

scientists were used to form the cell theory, which has three points:
U1: According
to the cell
theory, living
organisms are • Cells are the
composed of
cells. smallest unit of life

• All organisms are

made of one more
Key Terms
cells
Cell Theory
• Cells arise from
pre-existing cells

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IB BIO – 1.1 The cell theory was developed as a result of several scientists’
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Understandings research. These include:

U1: According • Robert Hooke

to the cell
theory, living • Anton von
organisms are
composed of Leeuwenhoek
cells.
• Matthias
Schleiden

• Theodor
Key Terms Schwann

Cell Theory • Robert

Virchow

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IB BIO – 1.1 Robert Hooke was a scientist who used
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Understandings microscopes to observe the structure of materials

and organisms.
U1: According
to the cell He published a book called Micrographia and is
theory, living
organisms are considered the father of modern microscopy.
composed of
cells.

Key Terms

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IB BIO – 1.1 Hooke coined the term
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Understandings ‘cell’ in 1655 when

he viewed cork
U1: According under his
to the cell
theory, living microscope.
organisms are
composed of He noted it was
cells.
made of tiny
blocks that
reminded him
of a monk’s
Key Terms cell.
Cell
He was really
viewing the cell
walls of in the
cork plant’s ark.
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IB BIO – 1.1 About 20 years later, Anton von Leeuwenhoek used his microscope
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Understandings to observe pond water. He discovered single-celled organisms and

termed them ‘animal-cules.’
U1: According
to the cell
theory, living
organisms are
composed of
cells.

Key Terms

Anton von
Leeuwenhoek

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IB BIO – 1.1 9

Understandings

U1: According
to the cell
theory, living
organisms are
composed of
cells.

Key Terms

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IB BIO – 1.1 In 1838, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory.
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Understandings • Schleiden observed that all • Schwann obserted that all

plants and their parts are animals and their parts are
U1: According made of cells made of cells
to the cell
theory, living
organisms are
composed of
cells.

Key Terms

Matthias
Schleiden

Theodor
Schwann

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IB BIO – 1.1 Robert Virchow was a German
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Understandings doctor who observed cells in

the process of division.
U1: According
to the cell
So, he proposed that cells
theory, living
organisms are arise from pre-existing cells.
composed of This contradicted the idea of
cells. spontaneous generation,
which was prevalant at the
time.

Key Terms

Robert
Virchow

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IB BIO – 1.1 During the 17th century, cells were observed for the first time as a
12

Understandings result of developments in microscopy. The observations of several

scientists were used to form the cell theory, which has three points:
U1: According
to the cell
theory, living
organisms are • Cells are the
composed of
cells. smallest unit of life

• All organisms are

made of one more
Key Terms
cells
Cell Theory
• Cells arise from
pre-existing cells

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IB BIO – 1.1 When testing cell theory, there
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Applications are several examples of

organisms that do not fit the
A1: Questioning typical examples of cells:
the cell theory
using atypical
examples, Striated muscle cells make up the
including striated muscle tissue that we use to
muscle, giant move. They are formed by
algae and
aseptate fungal smaller cells fusing together. As
hyphae. a result:

• Their cells are very large (~30

Key Terms
mm long)
Striated Muscle
Cells • They have many nuclei
(sometimes several hundred)

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IB BIO – 1.1 Fungi consist of long structures called hyphae. In aseptate fungi,
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Applications the hyphae are long tube-like structures with many nuclei.

A1: Questioning
the cell theory
using atypical
examples,
including striated
muscle, giant
algae and
aseptate fungal
hyphae.

Key Terms

Aseptate
Fungal Hyphae

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IB BIO – 1.1 Algae are photosynthetic organisms that are
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Applications simple in structure and internal organization.

They form the base of most marine food
A1: Questioning chains.
the cell theory
using atypical
examples, Giant algae are single cells that
including striated can grow to be up to 100 mm
muscle, giant long.
algae and
aseptate fungal
hyphae.
Despite their size, they still
only have a single nucleus
Key Terms

Giant Algae

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1.1 – B – Functions of Life
IB BIO – 1.1 All organisms, including unicellular, have similar abilities that 17
classify them as living entities. These are the functions of life.
Understandings

U2: Organisms
consisting of only
one cell carry out
all functions of
life in that cell.

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IB BIO – 1.1 18
Functions of Life
Understandings
1. Metabolism
U2: Organisms
consisting of only Chemical reactions inside the cell
one cell carry out
all functions of including photosynthesis and cell
life in that cell. respiration
Guidance

G1: Students are

expected to be 2. Nutrition
able to name and
briefly explain Organisms must obtain food to
these functions of
life: nutrition, provide energy for metabolism
metabolism, and growth
growth,
response,
excretion,
homeostasis and
reproduction.
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IB BIO – 1.1 Functions of Life
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Understandings
3. Growth
U2: Organisms
consisting of only Gradual increase in size over
one cell carry out
all functions of lifetime
life in that cell.

Guidance

G1: Students are

expected to be
able to name and 4. Response
briefly explain
these functions of Ability to react to changes in the
life: nutrition,
metabolism, environment
growth,
response,
excretion,
homeostasis and
reproduction.
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IB BIO – 1.1 Functions of Life
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Understandings
5. Excretion
U2: Organisms
consisting of only Getting rid of waste products of
one cell carry out
all functions of metabolism
life in that cell.

Guidance

G1: Students are

expected to be
able to name and 6. Homeostasis
briefly explain
these functions of Keeping internal conditions within
life: nutrition,
metabolism, tolerable and predetermined limits
growth,
response,
excretion,
homeostasis and
reproduction.
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IB BIO – 1.1 Functions of Life
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Understandings
5. Reproduction - Producing offspring and passing on genes
U2: Organisms
consisting of only
one cell carry out
all functions of
life in that cell.

Guidance

G1: Students are

expected to be
able to name and
briefly explain
these functions of
life: nutrition,
metabolism,
growth,
response,
excretion,
homeostasis and
reproduction.
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IB BIO – 1.1 Chlorella are unicellular green algae found in marine
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Applications environments.

A2: • Nutrition – photosynthesis

Investigation of inside chloroplasts
functions of life
in Paramecium • Metabolism – occur in
and one named
photosynthetic
cytoplasm
unicellular
organism. • Excretion – diffusion
controlled by cell
membrane
Key Terms
• Reproduction – cells
Chlorella divide through mitosis

• Response – cilia (small

hairs) move cell towards
light
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IB BIO – 1.1 Chlorella are unicellular green algae found in marine
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Applications environments.

A2: • Growth – cells assimilate

Investigation of biomass and become larger
functions of life until cell division happens.
in Paramecium
and one named
• Homeostasis – vacuoles
photosynthetic
unicellular excrete water through
organism. exocytosis to manage water
content

Key Terms

Chlorella

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IB BIO – 1.1 Paramecia are unicellular organisms that
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Understandings are found in freshwater and other marine

environments.
A2:
Investigation of • Homeostasis – contractile vacuoles fill
functions of life
in Paramecium up and expel water to maintain internal
and one named balance
photosynthetic
unicellular • Metabolism – occurs in cytoplasm
organism.
• Response – cilia used to propel through
the water towards food
Key Terms
• Reproduction – asexual reproduction
Paramecium
through mitosis

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IB BIO – 1.1 Paramecia are unicellular organisms that
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Understandings are found in freshwater and other marine

environments.
A2:
Investigation of • Nutrition – food inside vacuoles is
functions of life
in Paramecium digested and carbon compounds used
and one named for cell respiration
photosynthetic
unicellular • Growth – assimilated biomass is used to
organism.
increase cell size before division

• Excretion – movement of substances

Key Terms
controlled by cell membrane
Paramecium

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IB BIO – 1.1 26

Understandings

U1:

Key Terms

Paramecium

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1.1 – C – Emergence & Differentiation
IB BIO – 1.1 Individual cells are able to carry out the functions of life, but they
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can also join to form more complex entities.

INTRO

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IB BIO – 1.1 Individual cells can fuse together to form multicellular organisms,
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Understandings which are single masses of cells. Cells can organize into tissues,
organs, organ systems and ultimately form complex organisms.
U4: Multicellular
organisms have
properties that
emerge from
the interaction
of their cellular
components.

Key Terms

Multicellular

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IB BIO – 1.1 When cells fuse and organize, they develop emergent properties.
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Understandings These are functions and properties that individual cells are not
capable of.
U4: Multicellular
organisms have
For example, individual
properties that
emerge from neurons are only capable of
the interaction receiving and sending
of their cellular
signals.
components.

When they form a network,

they are capable of
Key Terms producing consciousness
and thoughts.
Emergent
Properties

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IB BIO – 1.1 In Biology, scientists usually describe emergent properties by saying
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Understandings that the ‘whole is greater than the sum of its parts.’

U4: Multicellular
organisms have
properties that
emerge from
the interaction
of their cellular
components.

Key Terms

Emergent
Properties

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IB BIO – 1.1 Specialized tissues in organism can develop by cell differentiation,
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Understandings which is the process of cells developing the ideal structures needed
to carry out a particular function.
U5: Specialized
tissues can
develop by cell
differentiation in
multicellular
organisms.

Key Terms

Cell
Differentiation

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IB BIO – 1.1 There are 220 distinct types of specialized cells in the human body.
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Understandings They form from various types of stem cells spread throughout body
tissues.
U5: Specialized
tissues can
develop by cell
differentiation in
multicellular
organisms.

Key Terms

Cell
Differentiation

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IB BIO – 1.1 Cell differentiation occurs as a
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Understandings result of changes in gene

expression. This involves
U6: Differentiation some parts of the genome
involves the
expression of being used while others not.
some genes and
not others in a It is important to recall,
cell’s genome. though, that all cells in the
body have identical genes.

Key Terms

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IB BIO – 1.1 Once differentiated, cells can further fuse and mature to form
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Understandings specialized tissues. In the example here, cells specialize and fuse
to create muscle fibers.
U6: Differentiation
involves the
expression of
some genes and
not others in a
cell’s genome.

Key Terms

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1.1 – D – Stem Cells
IB BIO – 1.1 Stem cells are specialized cells that have the ability to divide and
37

Understandings differentiate into different cell types.

U7: The Zygotes are the most ‘potent’

capacity of stem cell that we ever have as they
cells to divide are able to become every cell
and differentiate
along different in our body.
pathways is
necessary in
embryonic
development
and also makes
stem cells
suitable for
therapeutic
uses.

Key Terms

Stem Cell
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IB BIO – 1.1 Stem cells have different levels
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Understandings of potency.

U7: The • Totipotent – can become any

capacity of stem cell type
cells to divide
and differentiate • Pluripotent - can become most
along different cell types
pathways is
necessary in • Multipotent – can only
embryonic differentiate into a class of cell
development
and also makes
stem cells
suitable for
therapeutic
uses.

Key Terms

Stem Cell
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IB BIO – 1.1 Stem cells have great potential for use in medical therapies. For 39

Understandings example, stem cells can be differentiated into tissues for

implantation.
U7: The
capacity of stem
cells to divide
and differentiate
along different
pathways is
necessary in
embryonic
development
and also makes
stem cells
suitable for
therapeutic
uses.

Key Terms

Stem Cell
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IB BIO – 1.1 40

Understandings

U7: The
capacity of stem
cells to divide
and differentiate
along different
pathways is
necessary in
embryonic
development
and also makes
stem cells
suitable for
therapeutic
uses.

Key Terms

Stem Cell
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IB BIO – 1.1 Embryonic stem cells are made by fertilizing eggs with sperm and
41

Applications allowing the zygote to develop. They have almost unlimited potential
and can differentiate into any cell type in the body.
A4: Ethics of
the therapeutic
use of stem
cells from
specially
created
embryos, from
the umbilical
cord blood of a
new-born baby
and from an
adult’s own
tissues.
Key Terms

Embryonic Stem
Cells

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IB BIO – 1.1 42
Embryonic Stem Cells
Applications
BENEFITS DOWNFALLS
A4: Ethics of
Almost unlimited More risk of cells becoming
the therapeutic
use of stem differentiation potential a tumour
cells from Less chance of genetic Removing cells from the
specially damage via mutations embryo kills it
created
embryos, from
the umbilical
cord blood of a
new-born baby
and from an
adult’s own
tissues.
Key Terms

Embryonic Stem
Cells

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IB BIO – 1.1 Cord blood stem cells are extracted from the umbilical cord of
43

Applications new-born babies. These cells are pluripotent and can be frozen for
storage until needed later in life.
A4: Ethics of
the therapeutic
use of stem
cells from
specially
created
embryos, from
the umbilical
cord blood of a
new-born baby
and from an
adult’s own
tissues.
Key Terms

Umbilical Cord
Blood

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IB BIO – 1.1 44
Umbilical Cord Blood Cells
Applications

A4: Ethics of
the therapeutic
use of stem
cells from
specially
created
embryos, from
the umbilical
cord blood of a
new-born baby
and from an
adult’s own
tissues.
Key Terms

Umbilical Cord
Blood

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IB BIO – 1.1 45

Applications

A4: Ethics of
the therapeutic
use of stem
cells from
specially
created
embryos, from
the umbilical
cord blood of a
new-born baby
and from an
adult’s own
tissues.
Key Terms

Umbilical Cord
Blood

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IB BIO – 1.1 46
Umbilical Cord Blood Cells
Applications
BENEFITS DOWNFALLS
A4: Ethics of
Easy to obtain and store Storage can be expensive
the therapeutic
use of stem Cells came from patient and Limited capacity to
cells from so are genetically compatible differentiate compared to
specially
created
embryonic stem cells
embryos, from Limited quantity in umbilical
the umbilical cord
cord blood of a
new-born baby
and from an
adult’s own
tissues.
Key Terms

Umbilical Cord
Blood

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IB BIO – 1.1 Adult stem cells are those taken from an adult’s own tissues. They
47

Applications are harder to obtain and have less growth potential than other types.

A4: Ethics of
the therapeutic
use of stem
cells from
specially
created
embryos, from
the umbilical
cord blood of a
new-born baby
and from an
adult’s own
tissues.
Key Terms

Adult Stem Cells

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IB BIO – 1.1 48

Applications

A4: Ethics of
the therapeutic
use of stem
cells from
specially
created
embryos, from
the umbilical
cord blood of a
new-born baby
and from an
adult’s own
tissues.
Key Terms

Adult Stem Cells

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IB BIO – 1.1 49

Applications

A4: Ethics of
the therapeutic
use of stem
cells from
specially
created
embryos, from
the umbilical
cord blood of a
new-born baby
and from an
adult’s own
tissues.
Key Terms

Adult Stem Cells

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IB BIO – 1.1 50
Adult Stem Cells
Applications
BENEFITS DOWNFALLS
A4: Ethics of Less change of tumour Difficult to obtain from
the therapeutic
development deep in tissues
use of stem
cells from Full compatible with Less growth potential
specially patient’s tissues
created
embryos, from Removal of cells does not
the umbilical kill the adult
cord blood of a
new-born baby
and from an
adult’s own
tissues.
Key Terms

Adult Stem Cells

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IB BIO – 1.1 Stargard’s disease an inherited conditoin that results in the
51

Applications degeration of the macula in the retina. It affects juveniles and can
result in blindness if untreated.
A3: Use of stem
cells to treat
Stargardt’s
disease and one
other named
condition.

Key Terms

Stargardt’s
Disease

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IB BIO – 1.1 52

Applications

A3: Use of stem

cells to treat
Stargardt’s
disease and one
other named
condition.

Key Terms

Stargardt’s
Disease

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IB BIO – 1.1 In 2010, the US FDA approved stem cell research for treatment of
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Applications Stargardt’s disease. Retinal epithelial cells are grown from

embryonic stem cells and then implanted.
A3: Use of stem
cells to treat Initial trials have
Stargardt’s
disease and one indicated the procedure
other named may be successful, so
condition. the next phase of tests
have been initiated.

By 2020, approximately
200 million people will
Key Terms
be affected worldwide.
Stargardt’s
Disease

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IB BIO – 1.1 Acute leukemia is a form of cancer that stems from white blood cells
54

Applications inside the bone marrow. Cancerous cells invade the body quickly
from the blood stream. It can lethal if untreated.
A3: Use of stem
cells to treat
Stargardt’s
disease and one
other named
condition.

Key Terms

Leukemia

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IB BIO – 1.1 Acute leukemia is a form of cancer that stems from white blood cells
55

Applications inside the bone marrow. Cancerous cells invade the body quickly
from the blood stream. It can lethal if untreated.
A3: Use of stem
cells to treat
Stargardt’s
disease and one
other named
condition.

Key Terms

Leukemia

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IB BIO – 1.1 Chemotherapy can be used to kill the cancerous cells in the bone
56

Applications marrow, however this also affects the bodies ability to produce white
blood cells. Stem cell treatment can be used to address this.
A3: Use of stem
cells to treat • Before treatment, stem
Stargardt’s cells are removed from the
disease and one
other named marrow and frozen.
condition.
• After treatment, cells are
injected back into the body
to restore the ability to
produce white blood cells.
Key Terms

Leukemia

http://www.eurostemcell.org/files/Pediatric_patients_receiving_chemotherapy.jpg
IB BIO – 1.1 Leukemia Stem Cell Treatment
57

Applications

A3: Use of stem

cells to treat
Stargardt’s
disease and one
other named
condition.

Key Terms

Leukemia

http://www.biologyjunction.com/images/maturestemcelltreatment.jpg
IB BIO – 1.1 58
1. Define stem cell.

REVIEW 2. Discuss the benefits and potential downfalls of treatment

with:

- Embryonic stem cells

- Adult stem cells
- Umbilical cord cells

3. Outline can stem cells be used to treat Stargardt’s

disease?

4. Outline can stem cells be used to treat leukemia?

1.1 – E – Surface Area:Volume
IB BIO – 1.1 Cells come in all shapes and size depending on their species and
60

specialization. However, there are limits how large they can grow.

INTRO

asdf
IB BIO – 1.1 A cell’s volume
61

Understandings determines the amount of

chemical reactions that
U3: Surface can take place in its
area to volume
ratio is cytoplasm.
important in the
limitation of cell
size.
These reactions
require the import
of reactants and
the export of waste
Key Terms products.

Thus, the higher the

volume, the faster
resources are consumed.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Cell_animal.jpg
IB BIO – 1.1 A cell’s surface area determines the rate at which molecules can pass
62

Understandings through the membrane. If more surface area is available, more

reactants and products can diffuse in/out of the environment.
U3: Surface
area to volume
Cells with a larger volume
ratio is
important in the require more precursors for
limitation of cell their metabolic reactions.
size.
So, large volumes require
large surface areas.

Key Terms

http://images.wisegeek.com/animal-cell-drawing.jpg
IB BIO – 1.1 As a cell grows, its surface area (SA) and volume (V) do not
63

Understandings increase at the same rate. A high SA:V ratio is essential for a cells’
survival. To consider this, you can visualize cells as perfect cubes.
U3: Surface
area to volume
ratio is
important in the
limitation of cell
1µm
size.
2µm
3µm

Key Terms

4µm
5µm
6µm
IB BIO – 1.1 64
Fill in the chart below showing the surface area and volume of a cube
Understandings with the shown side size. The relevant equations are below.

U3: Surface
area to volume Size /
µm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ratio is
important in the
limitation of cell Surface
size. Area / µm2

Volume /
µm3
Key Terms

Surface Area = 6·s Volume = s3

IB BIO – 1.1 65
Fill in the chart below showing the surface area and volume of a cube
Understandings with the shown side size. The relevant equations are below.

U3: Surface
area to volume Size /
µm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ratio is
important in the
limitation of cell Surface
size. Area / µm2
6 24 54 96 150 216 294

Volume /
µm3
1 8 27 64 125 216 343
Key Terms

Surface Area = 6·s Volume = s3

IB BIO – 1.1 Now, calculate the surface area to volume ratio, by dividing the
66

Understandings surface area by the corresponding volume.

U3: Surface
area to volume Size /
µm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ratio is
important in the
limitation of cell Surface
size. Area / µm2
6 24 54 96 150 216 294

Volume /
µm3
1 8 27 64 125 216 343
Key Terms

SA / V
IB BIO – 1.1 Now, calculate the surface area to volume ratio, by dividing the
67

Understandings surface area by the corresponding volume.

U3: Surface
area to volume Size /
µm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ratio is
important in the
limitation of cell Surface
size. Area / µm2
6 24 54 96 150 216 294

Volume /
µm3
1 8 27 64 125 216 343
Key Terms

SA / V 6 3 2 1.5 1.2 1 0.86

IB BIO – 1.1 Complete the following graph to visualize the relationship between
68

Understandings SA:V ratio and cube (cell) side length.

SA:V Ratio vs Side length
U3: Surface
10
area to volume
ratio is 9
important in the
limitation of cell 8
size. 7
6
Surface
5
Area :
Volume 4
Key Terms
3
2
1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Side length (um)
IB BIO – 1.1 As seen in the graph, the SA:V ratio decreases exponentially as
69

Understandings cube side length increases. So, in order to grow cells must fix this.
SA:V Ratio vs Side length
U3: Surface
10
area to volume
ratio is 9
important in the
limitation of cell 8
size. 7
6
Surface
5
Area :
Volume 4
Key Terms
3
2
1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Side length (um)
IB BIO – 1.1 To maintain a high SA:V as they grow, cells have developed a
70

Understandings number of adaptations. For example, cells can divide to maintain

the same volume, but drastically increase surface area.
U3: Surface
area to volume
ratio is
important in the
limitation of cell
size.

Key Terms

https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/0*C-RMOyH9FdGz83C4
IB BIO – 1.1 Other cells can change their
71

Understandings morphology:

U3: Surface • Cells in the intestine form

area to volume villi. These are finger-like
ratio is
important in the protrusions that increase
limitation of cell surface area.
size.

• Skin cells flatten out to

for form thin films.
Key Terms

http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg4/GI162.jpg
http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg4/GI162.jpg
IB BIO – 1.1 Lung cells and the roots of plants branch out. This gives lung cells
72

Understandings access to more air and plant cells more access to water.

U3: Surface
area to volume
ratio is
important in the
limitation of cell
size.

Key Terms

http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg4/GI162.jpg
http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg4/GI162.jpg
IB BIO – 1.1 73
1. What role does volume play in cell activity?

REVIEW 2. What role does surface area play in cell activity?

3. Why is maintaining a high SA:V ratio important for cells?

4. What are some ways that cells have adapted to maintaina

high SA:V ratio?

http://baileyb.pbworks.com/f/1391453862/Cell%20Surface%20to%20volume.gif
1.1 – F – Magnification
IB BIO – 1.1 75

INTRO Since cells are so small,

microscopes are needed to
visualize their structures and
properties.

In this course, you will be using a

light microscope to observe various
samples.

http://http://www.microscope.com/media/catalog/product/cache/2/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/o/m/
IB BIO – 1.1 Calculating Magnification
76

Skills
When looking at images, magnification is often stated indicating the
S1: Calculation scale of the image
of the
magnification of
drawings and
the actual size A magnification could
of structures be directly stated
and
ultrastructures. • x 250
Guidance

G3 Scale bars
are useful as a Or indicated by means
way of of a scale bar
indicating actual
sizes in • |--------| = 1 μm
drawings and
micrographs.

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/e8/01/fe/e801fefab74af11d4b36deb1c8a47ea4.jpg
IB BIO – 1.1 When viewing an image in a microscope or micrograph,
77

Skills magnification can be calculated using the following formula:

S1: Calculation
of the
magnification of Magnification = magnified size
drawings and
the actual size actual size
of structures
and
ultrastructures.

Guidance • Magnified size = the length of the scale bar provided in the image,
which can be measured with a ruler
G3 Scale bars
are useful as a
way of
indicating actual • Actual size = actual size represented by the scale bar
sizes in
drawings and
micrographs.

asdf
IB BIO – 1.1 Practice: What is the magnification of this image? (Note that the
78

Skills value with change depending the size of your screen or printout)

S1: Calculation
of the
magnification of
drawings and
the actual size
of structures
and
ultrastructures.

Guidance

G3 Scale bars
are useful as a
way of
indicating actual
sizes in
drawings and
micrographs.

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/55/71/5b/55715bea56c65f34ad172bcd49dbdcf7.jpg
IB BIO – 1.1 This method can also be used to calculate the size of structures in
79

Skills an image. This can be done using proportions:

S1: Calculation
of the given scale length = actual size
magnification of
drawings and measured length of scale size in image
the actual size
of structures
and
ultrastructures. or..

Guidance
actual size = size in image
G3 Scale bars
are useful as a magnfication
way of
indicating actual
sizes in
drawings and
micrographs.
IB BIO – 1.1 Practice: How long is the cell shown in the image below?
80

Skills

S1: Calculation
of the
magnification of
drawings and
the actual size
of structures
and
ultrastructures.

Guidance

G3 Scale bars
are useful as a
way of
indicating actual
sizes in
drawings and 10 µm
micrographs.

http://slideplayer.com/13/4088643/big_thumb.jpg
IB BIO – 1.1 If a red blood cell has a diameter of 8 mm and a student 81

shows it with a diameter of 40 mm in a drawing, what is

REVIEW the magnification of the drawing?

A. × 0.0002
B. × 0.2
C. × 5
D. × 5000