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Lesson 1-The Formation of The Universe

The document provides information about the universe, galaxies, and the solar system. It begins by explaining that the universe contains over 100 billion galaxies, each containing millions or billions of stars held together by gravity. It then discusses the Big Bang theory which proposes that the universe began as a very dense singularity that has expanded over billions of years. Finally, it describes our solar system, noting that it formed from a rotating cloud of dust and gas about 4.6 billion years ago according to the nebular hypothesis. The planets are divided into inner terrestrial planets and outer gaseous Jovian planets.

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Raymond Escuzar
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7K views41 pages

Lesson 1-The Formation of The Universe

The document provides information about the universe, galaxies, and the solar system. It begins by explaining that the universe contains over 100 billion galaxies, each containing millions or billions of stars held together by gravity. It then discusses the Big Bang theory which proposes that the universe began as a very dense singularity that has expanded over billions of years. Finally, it describes our solar system, noting that it formed from a rotating cloud of dust and gas about 4.6 billion years ago according to the nebular hypothesis. The planets are divided into inner terrestrial planets and outer gaseous Jovian planets.

Uploaded by

Raymond Escuzar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Lessons
A. The Universe
B. Galaxies
C. Solar system

2
A. The Universe
1. Only one exists
2. Composed of space and 100 billion
galaxies
3. A galaxy is a grouping of millions
or billions of stars kept together by
gravity

3
• The universe
began with a
hot explosion
called the Big
Bang. The
aftermath of
the Big Bang
consisted
mostly of
radiation, but
as things
cooled, the
elements
hydrogen and
helium formed.
• http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/e
xplore_astronomy/skywatch/db/3
07/audio/SkyWatch_307-112520
10.mp3

4
How did the universe begin?
 The current
understanding
of the how the
universe began
is described by
the Big Bang
Theory.

http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/astronomy-terms/big-bang-
theory1.htm
6
Formation of the Universe
Big Bang Theory: Explains how universe
developed from very tiny, dense “singularity”
More on the Big Bang Theory
The theory states: the universe began from
an initial point (or singularity) which has
expanded over billions of years to form the
universe as we now know it today.
Formation of the Universe
 Big Bang Theory: According to BBT,
UNIVERSE is 13.7 Billion years old
Formation of the Universe
 Big Bang Theory: Does NOT explain what
initiated creation of universe
– Only describes expansion of universe
4. Edwin Hubble (in 1929) proposed
that the Universe is expanding
a. This is supported by a
phenomenon called the Doppler
shift
1). Stars are moving away from Earth
and their light becomes dimmer. This
is called the red shift. This gives
support of the expanding universe
2). If stars move toward Earth, we
see a blue shift – light becomes
brighter

11
Putting it Together…
 Inversely Proportional:
• Wavelength increases = Frequency decreases
Universe is EXPANDING
 Doppler Effect: – Change in frequency
of waves moving relative to its source

• Stars moving AWAY = RED shift


• Stars moving TOWARD = BLUE shift
• Greater the shift = faster the speed
Universe is EXPANDING
 Evidences?
• Cosmic Background Radiation –
Low temp waves indicating
explosion occurred
• Gravity – Responsible for
movement of dust clouds to form
planets and stars
15
16
What is a “galaxy”?

 A large group of stars outside of our own


Milky Way
 Made of billions to trillions of stars
• Also may have gas and dust
 Spiral, or elliptical, or irregular shaped

17
B. Galaxies
1. Galaxies are classified according to their
shape
2. Spiral galaxies often appear bluish
because they contain many young stars
a. Young stars give off blue light when they
burn
3. Elliptical galaxies often appear reddish
because they contain many old stars
a. Old stars give off red light when they burn

18
Galaxies, cont.
4. A large cluster of galaxies is
called a supercluster
5. Our solar system is inside the
galaxy known as the Milky Way
a. The Milky Way is classified as a
spiral galaxy
6. The Milky Way contains
interstellar matter that may form
new stars
19
Elliptical

20
Spiral Galaxies

21
Milky Way

Galaxy

Top View
Side View

22
Irregular Galaxies

NASA and NOAO/AURA/NSF Images at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/irregular/2005/09/


results/50/ , http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0560.html , and
http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0993.html

23
C. The Solar System
1. Copernicus (1473-1543) first proposed
that Earth and the other planets orbit
the sun
2. The orbits of the planet were first said
to be elliptical by Kepler (1571-1630)
3. The brightest object in our sky
(besides the sun and the moon) is
Venus
24
Nickolas Copernicus

25
Formation of Solar System
Nebular Theory: SOLAR SYSTEM formed
from huge, rotating cloud disk of dust and
gases
The Solar
Nebula Theory
Basis of modern theory
of planet formation.

Planets form at the


same time from the
same cloud as the star.

Planet formation sites


observed today as dust
disks of T Tauri stars.

Sun and our solar system


formed ~ 5 billion years ago.
27
• a), (b) The solar nebula contracts and
flattens into a spinning disk. The large
blob in the center will become the
Sun. Smaller blobs in the outer
regions may become jovian planets.
• (c) Dust grains act as condensation
nuclei, forming clumps of matter that
collide, stick together, and grow into
moon-sized planetesimals.
• (d) Strong winds from the still-forming
Sun expel the nebular gas.
• (e) Planetesimals continue to collide
and grow.
• (f) Over the course of a hundred
million years or so, planetesimals form
a few large planets that travel in
roughly circular orbits. 28
5. The most widely accepted model of the
formation of the solar system is the nebular
model where the solar system condensed out of
a nebula – a huge cloud of interstellar gas and
dust
i. Planets may have formed out of material
orbiting the early sun through the process of
accretion where small particles collide and
stick together to form larger masses
ii. Gaseous clouds—nebulae, which slowly
rotate, gradually collapse and flatten due to
gravity and eventually form stars and planets.

Our solar system is approximately


29
4.6 billion years old.
What is the difference between the
Solar System, Galaxy, and
Universe?
• Basically SIZE is the biggest
distinction.
– We live on planet Earth which
is part of our local Solar
System.
– Our Solar System includes
the Sun and everything that
orbits the Sun.
– Our Sun, is just one Star in
the Milky Way Galaxy.
– The Milky Way Galaxy is just
one Galaxy in the Universe.
KEPLER
• HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
• 3 LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
Kepler’s First Law
• Orbit of every planet is an ellipse
with Sun at one foci (focus)
Kepler’s Second Law
Planet moves fastest when closest to Sun
and slowest when farthest from Sun

Equal areas are swept out in equal amount


of time
Kepler’s Third Law
• Compares
distance of each
planet from Sun
and its orbital
period around
Sun
The order of the planets are
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
www.pavilion.co.uk

35
What’s the Difference?
• SIZE and COMPSITION
Terrestrial Planets
• Inner 4 Planets:
–Mercury
–Venus
–Earth
–Mars

–Small, solid,
rocky surfaces
Jovian Planets
• Outer 4 Planets:
– Jupiter
–Saturn
–Uranus
– Neptune

– Larger, gaseous,
and lacks solid
surfaces
www.universetoday.com
39
Earth Facts
• Distance to Sun: ~92,000,000 Million miles
• Age of Earth: ~4.6 Billion Years
• Size: 5th largest in solar system
i.Mercury is closest to the sun and has
very hot temperatures

ii.The inner planets and outer planets


are separated by an asteroid belt

iii. The great red spot on Jupiter is


believed to be a giant storm

iv. All of the gaseous outer planets


have rings 41

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