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Chapter 2 Sequence

The document discusses arithmetic and geometric sequences. It provides the definitions and formulas for finding the nth term and sum of terms. It includes examples of finding terms, common differences, first terms, and sums of arithmetic and geometric sequences. The key aspects covered are: - Definitions of arithmetic and geometric sequences - Formulas for the nth term and sum of terms - Using the formulas and doing calculations for various sequence examples - Solving simultaneous equations to find unknown values like the first term or common difference

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fifo
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60 views

Chapter 2 Sequence

The document discusses arithmetic and geometric sequences. It provides the definitions and formulas for finding the nth term and sum of terms. It includes examples of finding terms, common differences, first terms, and sums of arithmetic and geometric sequences. The key aspects covered are: - Definitions of arithmetic and geometric sequences - Formulas for the nth term and sum of terms - Using the formulas and doing calculations for various sequence examples - Solving simultaneous equations to find unknown values like the first term or common difference

Uploaded by

fifo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SEQUENCE

Madam Fatimah Hashim


&
Madam Siti Nursyahira
Zainudin
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
In mathematics, an arithmetic progression (AP) or arithmetic sequence is a sequence of
numbers such that the difference between the consecutive terms is constant. For instance,
the sequence 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, … is an arithmetic progression with common difference of 2.
 
The initial term of an arithmetic progression is denoted by a and the common difference of
successive members is denoted by d.
FORMULAE
Recall :
• The nth term of the sequence is given by:
a = initial term

d = common difference

• The sum of the members of a finite arithmetic progression: When to use formula T or S?

Term -> Tn

Sum -> Sn
EXPLANATION
The behavior of the arithmetic progression depends on the common difference, d. If the
common difference is:

❑ Positive, the members (terms) will grow towards positive infinity.


• E.g. Cost charged for cleaning the window for a 16 floors building.
• (1st floor : RM 50, 2nd floor : RM100, 3rd floor : RM150,..) d = 50 a = 50
100 - 50 150 - 100

❑ Negative, the members (terms) will grow towards negative infinity.


• E.g. Installment purchase payment.
• (1st month : RM 200, 2nd month : RM180, 3rd month : RM160,..) d = - 20 a = 200
180 - 200 160 - 180
Example 1
Given -13, - 8, - 3, 2, ... . What is the 39th term? What is the sum of the first 20 terms?

Answer

Calculate the differences, d.


d1 = (-8) - (-13) = 5, d2 = (-3) - (-8) = 5.

The differences are the same. Therefore, this is an arithmetic sequence.


a = -13 d=5
Cont. Example 1

Given -13, - 8, - 3, 2, ... . What is the 39th term? What is the sum of the first 20 terms?

a = -13 d=5

39th Term = T39

Tn = a + (n-1)d

T39 = -13 + (39 – 1)(5)


20
= 177
2
Example 2
Given the series : 12, 17, 22, .. Find
a) the 15th term b) sum of the first 15 terms

a) a=12 d= 17-12 = 22-17 =  


5
15
Tn = a + (n-1)d 2
T15 = a+(15-1)d 15
= 12+14(5) 2
= 82
Example 3
The 6th term and the 10th term of an arithmetic sequence are -7 and 5 respectively.
Find a) common difference

a) the common difference (d) SOLVE SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS


Tn = a+(n-1)(d)
6 term is -7
th
T6 = a+(6-1)(d)
T6 = -7 Equation (2) – (1)
-7 = a+5d ----- (1)

a+5d = -7 ----(1)
10th term is Tn = a+(n-1)(d) a+9d = 5 ----(2)
5 T10 = a+(10-1)(d) 4d = 12
T10 = 5 5 = a+9d ----- (2) d = 12/4
d=3
Cont. Example 3
The 6th term and the 10th term of an arithmetic sequence are -7 and 5 respectively.
Find b) the first term

From question a) substitute d=3 into any of the two


b) the first term (a) equation.

Let say, substitute d=3 into equation (1)

a+5d = -7
a+5(3) = -7
a+15 = -7
a = -7-15
a = -22
Example 4
Given the series : 83, 77, 71, …, 5. Find the number of terms

a=83 Tn = a+(n-1)d
d=77-83 = - 6 5 = 83 + (n-1)(-6)
d=71-77 = - 6 5-83 = (n-1)(-6)
Tn=5 -78 = (n-1)(-6)
(-78/-6) = n-1
13 = n-1
13+1 = n
n = 14
Example 5
 
• A building has 10 floors. A
cleaning company charges
RM200 to clean the the first
floor. An extra of RM250 is
charged for each floor above the
previous floor. Find
• i) the cleaning cost for the 7th
floor.
10
• ii) the cleaning cost for the 2
whole building
Example 6
In an arithmetic progression, the 6th term is 3 times the 3rd term. The sum
of the first 8 terms is 144. Find the first term and the common difference.

6th term is 3 times the 3rd term Sum of the first 8 terms is 144
T6 = 3 T3 S8 = 144

T6=3T3  

a+(6-1)d = 3[a+(3-1)d] 8
a+5d =3[a+2d] 2
a+5d = 3a+6d
3a+6d-a-5d = 0
2a+d = 0 ----(1)
Cont Example 6
In an arithmetic progression, the 6th term is 3 times the 3rd term. The sum
of the first 8 terms is 144. Find the first term and the common difference.

SOLVE SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS


Substitute d=6 into equation (1)
Equation (2) – (1)
2a+d = 0
2a+d = 0 ----(1) 2a+6 = 0
2a+7d = 36 ----(2) 2a = 0 - 6
6d = 36 2a = - 6
d = 36/6 a = - 6/2
d=6 a=-3
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
In mathematics, a geometric progression, also known as a geometric sequence, is a
sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one
by a fixed non-zero number called the common ratio.
For example, the sequence 2, 6, 18, 54, ... is a geometric progression with common ratio 3

. Similarly 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, ... is a geometric sequence with common ratio

. In general,
FORMULAE
The nth term of the sequence is given by:

The sum of the members of a geometric progression:


if  r >1

if  r <1
Example 7
Given the series : 6, 36, 216, ….. Find a) the 8th term b) the sum of the first 8 terms

 
 
 

ed
Not >
r
that
1
Example 8
In February, a retailer sold 500 packets of bread. The retailer expects that the demand
will increase by 2% every month. How many packets of bread is expected to be sold in
July?

•   Another solutions to find r

Sold in February = 500 r = 510/500 = 1.02


r = 520.2/510 =1.02
Sold in March = 500 + 0.02
(500) Noted that from
= 510 February to July =
Sold in April = 510 + 0.02 6 months
(510)
= 520.2 hence our n = 6
Example 9
The profit of a company is expected to increase by 12% every month. How much is the
company’s total profit after 5 months if the current month’s profit is RM50,000?

•   Another solutions to find r

Month 1= 50000 r = 56000/50000 = 1.12


r = 62720/56000 =1.12
Month 2 = 50000 + 0.12 (50000)
= 56000 Noted that after 5
months means that
Month 3 = 56000 + 0.12 (56000) month 1 + 5 months =
= 62720 6

o ted hence our n = 6


N
a t r>
th
1
Example 10
The 6th term and the 9th of a geometric series are 40 and 320 respectively. Find the first
term.

  SOLVE SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS


6 term is 40
th

T6 = 40  

 
9 term is 320
th

T9 = 320
Example 10
The 6th term and the 9th of a geometric series are 40 and 320 respectively. Find the first
term.

   

OR
Example 11
Given the sequence : 6, 12, 24, … , 3072. Find the number of terms in the sequence.

•    
THE END

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