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Manajemen Nyeri

This document discusses pain management. It defines pain according to IASP as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It then discusses pain mechanisms including transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception. It describes the pain response and different types, durations, and intensities of pain. Scales for assessing pain in children and adults are provided. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological pain treatment strategies are outlined including NSAIDs, paracetamol, opioids, and combinations.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
63 views30 pages

Manajemen Nyeri

This document discusses pain management. It defines pain according to IASP as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It then discusses pain mechanisms including transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception. It describes the pain response and different types, durations, and intensities of pain. Scales for assessing pain in children and adults are provided. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological pain treatment strategies are outlined including NSAIDs, paracetamol, opioids, and combinations.

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clvpratama
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MANAJEMEN NYERI

Definisi Nyeri (Pain) dari IASP


(International Association for the Study of Pain)

Pain (Nyeri) adalah suatu pengalaman


sensorik dan emosional yang berkaitan
dengan kerusakan jaringan atau diduga ada
kerusakan jaringan
PAIN MECHANISME (NOCICEPTION)
1. Transduction Conversion of noxious stimuli
(mechanical, thermal, chemical into
electrical activation
2 Transmission Communication of the nerve impulse
from the periphery to the spinal cord,
up to spinothalamic track to the
thalamus and cerebral cortex

3 Modulation Process by which impulse travel from


the brain back down to the spinal cord
to selectiveley inhibit (or sometimes
amlpify) pain impulse
4 Perception Net result of three events – the
subjective experience of pain
THE PAIN RESPONSE
Activation of the
Tissue Damage
Peripheral Nervous
System

Activation of the Central


Transmission of the Pain Nervous System
Signal to the Brain at the
Spinal Cord Level

Pain
Samad TA et al. Nature. 2001;410:471-5.
Durasi
JENIS NYERI
Nyeri akut
Nyeri kronis

Asal asalnya :
Berdasarkan
• Nyeri nosiseptif

▫ Nyeri perifer/somatic– nyeri terlokalisasi


▫ Nyeri visceral – dari organ internal
• Nyeri neuropatik

Intensitas
 Mild pain
 Moderate pain
 Severe pain
JENIS NYERI

Neuropathic Pain Inflammatory Pain


Mixed Pain
Pain initiated or caused by a Pain with Pain caused by injury to
primary lesion or dysfunction neuropathic and body tissues
in the nervous system nociceptive (musculoskeletal,
(either peripheral or components
cutaneous or visceral)2
central nervous system)1

Examples Examples
Peripheral Examples
• Post herpetic neuralgia • Pain due to inflammation
• Trigeminal neuralgia • Low back pain with
• Limb pain after a fracture
• Diabetic peripheral neuropathy radiculopathy
• Cervical
• Joint pain in osteoarthritis
• Postsurgical neuropathy • Postoperative visceral pain
• Posttraumatic neuropathy radiculopathy
Central • Cancer pain
Common descriptors2
• Posts troke pain • Carpal tunnel
• Aching
Common descriptors2 syndrome
• Sharp
• Burning • Throbbing
• Tingling
• Hypersensitivity to touch or cold

1. International Association for the Study of Pain. IASP Pain Terminology.


2. Raja et al. in Wall PD, Melzack R (Eds). Textbook of pain. 4th Ed. 1999.;11-57
SKALA NYERI WAJIB !!
Asesmen Skala Nyeri Anak
Kategori Skor
Wajah Tidak ada ekspresi tertentu atau senyuman 0

FACE Menyeringai sekali-kali atau mengerutkan dahi, muram ogah-ogahan


Dagu gemetar dan rahang diketap berulang
1
2
Ekstrimitas Posisi normal atau santai 0

LEG Gelisah, resah, tegang


Menendang atau menarik kaki
1
2
Gerakan Rebahan dengan tenang, posisi normal, bergerak dengan mudah 0

Activity Menggeliat , maju mundur, tegang


Menekuk/posisi tubuh meringkuk, kaku atau menyentak
1
2
Tangisan Tidak ada tangisan ( terjaga atau tertidur ) 0

Cry Mengerang/merengek, gerutuan sekali-kali


Menangis tersedu-sedu, mejerit, terisak-isak, menggerutu berulang-
1
2
ulang
Kemampuan Senang, santai 0
ditenangkan Dapat ditenangkan dengan sentuhan, pelukan atau berbicara, dapat 1
dialihkan
Consolability Sulit/tidak dapat ditenangkan dengan pelukan, sentuhan atau 2
distraksi
Skor Total
 0 : tidak nyeri 1-3 : Nyeri ringan  4 – 6 : nyeri sedang  7-10 : nyeri berat
STRATEGI TERAPI
 Terapi Non Farmakologi
Terapi stimulasi : TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical
Nerve Stimulation) --- untuk nyeri akut da kronik
misalnya pada pembedahan, traumatik, neuropati,
dll
Psikologis : misalnya relaksasi

Terapi Farmakologi
 Analgesik : Opiat dan Non Opiat
PENTING !!!
PRINSIP PENGOBATAN
 Pengobatan nyeri harus dimulai dari
anlagesik yang paling ringan sampai ke
analgesik yang paling kuat

Ajuvan Contoh: kortikosteroid, antidepresan


trisiklik, antikonvulsan, plester lidokain 5%, Capsaicin

Opiat : kodein, hidrokodon, propoxiphen,


tramadolMorfin, oksikodon, fentanil dan hidromorfin
ANALGESIK NON-OPIAT
• Parasetamol • Asam propionat
• Salisilat • Ibuprofen
• Aspirin • Ketoprofen
• Diflunisal
• Naproksen
• Salisilamid
• Asam pirolizin
• Fenamat karboksilat
• Meklofenamat • Ketorolak
• Asam Mefenamat • Inhibitor COX-2
• Na diklofenak • Celecoxib
• Antalgin • Valdecoxib
EFFICACY AS AN EMERGING
CONCERN OF NSAID USED
 Potency (strong)
 Onset of action (rapid)
 Duration of action (long)

•Efek samping minimal


•Harga terjangkau
POTENCY OF NSAID
MILLIGRAM BASIS OF ACTIVE COMPOUND FOR EACH FORMULA

potency NSAID mg/formula


strong Meloxicam 7.5, 15
Piroxicam 10, 20
Diclofenac 25, 50, 75
moderate Celecoxib 100, 200
Nimesulide 100
Ketorpofen 100, 200
weak Mefenamic acid 500
Naproxen 500
Nabumetone 500
ONSET OF ACTION OF NSAID

onset NSAID T-max (hr)


Rapid Diclofenac 0.8
Nimesulide 1.2 – 2.7
Slow Celecoxib 2–4
Meloxicam 6
DURATION OF ACTION OF NSAID

duration NSAID T-1/2 (hr)


short Diclofenac 1.1
Nimesulide 1.8 – 4.7
moderate Celecoxib 11
Naproxen 14
long Meloxicam 20
Piroxicam 57
TOXICITY OF NSAIDs
Ototoxic Color blindness

Bronchospam CHF

Hepatotoxic Perdarahan
UGIB GI

Bleeding Nephrotoxic

Allergy Tocolytic

Mechanism of = Mechanism of
therapeutic effects adverse effects
KOMBINASI OAINS
Kombinasi 2 OAINS: Kombinasi OAINS
 Tidak dianjurkan dengan Pelindung
 Efek samping Lambung:
meningkat
 Tidak menambah  Ditujukan untuk sedikit
efikasi mengatasi masalah efek
samping terhadap
Kombinasi OAINS dan lambung.
Analgetik:
 Dapat diberikan
bersama golongan PPI,
Masih dapat Misoprostol
dipertanggungjawabkan
PARASETAMOL
 Memiliki khasiat analgetik dan antipiretik
 Menghambat pembentukan prostaglandin secara
sentral, dan tidak di jaringan sehingga tidak
berefek sebagai antiinflamasi
 Tidak memiliki efek antiplatelet
 ES ringan dan jarang, tidak menyebabkan gangguan
lambung
 Pada dosis besar (>6 gr) dapat menyebabkan
kerusakan hati
 Pilihan yang aman untuk ibu hamil/ menyusui
ASETOSAL (ASPIRIN)
 Punya efek analgetik, antipiretik, antiinflamasi
 Juga efek antiplatelet, sehingga dapat mencegah
pembekuan darah
 Bersifat asam ----- mudah mengiritasi lambung
 Dapat menyebabkan Reye’s Syndrome (gangguan pada
sistem hepatik dan SSP), sehingga sebaiknya tidak
digunakan pada anak2 kurang dari 12 tahun
 Hati-hati pada pasien yg alergi thd aspirin
ANALGESIK OPIAT
 Agonis seperti morfin  Agonis seperti metadon
 Morfin  Metadon
 Kodein  Propoksifen
 Hidromorfin  Antagonis
 Oksikodon  Nalokson

 Agonis seperti  Analgesik sentral

meperidin Tramadol
 Meperidin

 Fentanil
ABC Tx. Nyeri
Anamnesa nyeri secara sistematik dan
teratur
Berprasangka baik (percaya) terhadap
keluhan pasien atau keluarga
Carilah metode kontrol nyeri yang nyaman
untuk pasien dan keluarga
Dilakukan intervensi yang tepat waktunya,
logis dan terkoordinasi
Edukasi pasien dan keluarga untuk
mengatasi nyeri sekuat mungkin

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