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Quantum Numbers

This document defines and explains the four quantum numbers - principal quantum number (n), azimuthal quantum number (l), magnetic quantum number (ml), and spin quantum number (ms). It states that these numbers are used to describe the position and energy of electrons in an atom. It provides the possible values and meanings of each quantum number, and explains how they are used to specify atomic orbitals and determine how electrons are arranged in them based on principles like the Pauli exclusion principle, Aufbau principle, and Hund's rule.

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Kriezel Jane Oasay
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736 views30 pages

Quantum Numbers

This document defines and explains the four quantum numbers - principal quantum number (n), azimuthal quantum number (l), magnetic quantum number (ml), and spin quantum number (ms). It states that these numbers are used to describe the position and energy of electrons in an atom. It provides the possible values and meanings of each quantum number, and explains how they are used to specify atomic orbitals and determine how electrons are arranged in them based on principles like the Pauli exclusion principle, Aufbau principle, and Hund's rule.

Uploaded by

Kriezel Jane Oasay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Quantum Numbers

KRIEZEL JANE T. OASAY


MAEd-CHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVES

1. Define quantum numbers;


2. Identify the 4 types of quantum numbers;
3. Explain the possible values they may have and
what they actually represent.
Quantum Numbers

Are set of numbers used to describe the


position and energy of the electron in an
atom
Quantum Numbers

According to Heisenberg’s Uncertainty


Principle, it is not possible to give the exact
position of an electron and its energy at the
same time.
Quantum Numbers

But the probability of finding an electron in


an orbital of given energy can be
determined.
4 Quantum Numbers
4

Q Principal Quantum Numbers (n)


U
A
N main energy level of an orbital
T
U Indicates the relative size of the orbital
M

N
An increase in n also means increase in
U the energy of the electron in the orbital
M
B
E
n=1,2,3…
R
S
4

Q Azimuthal Quantum Numbers (l)


U
A Also called Angular Momentum
N
T Number
U
M Defines the shape of the orbital
N
U Values range from 0 to n-1.
M
B l= n-1
E
R
S
S- orbital

Spherical shape with the nucleus at its center.


P- orbital

Dumb- bell shape


D- orbital

With 5 different orientation


D- orbital

With 5 different orientation


Combinations of the Principal and Azimuthal Quantum Numbers
4

Q
U
Magnetic Quantum Numbers (ml)
A
N Describes the orientation of the orbital
T
U in space
M
Values are –l to +l
N
U
M
Values per sublevel is 2l + 1.
B
E
R
S
 is pictorial descriptions of the
electrons in an atom.
Shapes of Orbitals (as per the corresponding Quantum Numbers)
4

Q
U
Spin Quantum Numbers (ms)
A
N Specifies the orientation of the spin
T
U axis of an electron.
M
+1/2 (up) or -1/2 (down)
N
U
M
Electron in the orbital must have
B
E
opposite spin.
R
S
Empty

PARAMAGNETIC
Half-Filled are attracted to a
magnetic field

MAGNETIC
Filled
The Pauli exclusion principle (Wolfgang Pauli,
Nobel Prize 1945) states that:

no two electrons in the same atom can have


identical values for all four of their quantum
numbers. What this means is that no more than
two electrons can occupy the same orbital, and
that two electrons in the same orbital must have
opposite spins.
Auf Bau Principle

States that each electron occupies the lowest


energy orbital.
Hund’s Rule

States that electrons go into different orbitals in


the same sub-level before doubling up inside
orbitals.
EXERCISES!
Name the orbital describe by the following
quantum number.
1. n=3 l=0
2. n=5 l=2
3. n=3 l=2
4. n=6 l=3
5. n=4 l=1
EXERCISES!
Give the n and l values of the following
orbitals.
1. 1s
2. 3s
3. 2p
4. 4d
5. 6f
EXERCISES!

What are the possible ml values for each of


the following types of orbitals.
1. s
2. p
3. d
4. f
EXERCISES!

How many electrons are there in f orbital?


How many orbitals are there in p subshell?
What is the maximum number of electrons
found in the 3rd principal energy level?
REFERENCES

https://byjus.com/chemistry/quantum-numbers/
https://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/genera
l/quantum_numbers/Quantum_Numbers.htm

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