MENSCHEN FOR MENSCHEN

Agro-Technical and Technology

College
Harar Branch
Plant Breeding (CrPd3208)
Credit hrs. 4(2+2)
By:- Tullu Tadessa (MSc)

11/23/22
1
 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Selection in self- pollinated crops
 The two fundamental (basic) steps in any breeding program are creation
of variation and selection.
 Selection has two important characteristics (limitations): it is effective for
heritable characters only and it does not create new variation (i.e. it only
utilizes the variation already existing in the population).
 Therefore, the two requirements of selection are variation in the
population and heritability of the variation.
 The purpose of selection is to isolate desirable plants from population.
 In self-pollinated crops, selection permits reproduction by plants with
desirable characteristics only.
 Two selection methods in self-pollinated crops: Pure Line & Mass Selection
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 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Selection in self- pollinated crops/ Pure line (individual plant) selection
 A pure line is the progeny of a single, homozygous self-pollinated plant.
 Applications of pure line selection
 As a result, all the individuals with in pure line have identical genotype;
1. Improvement
any of localwithin
variation present varieties
a pure line is solely due to the environment.

2. Characteristics
Develop suitableand uses offrom
varieties pureintroduced
lines varieties,
1.
3. As varieties: aofsuperior
Improvement old purepure
line line can bewhen
varieties, released
they as pure line
become varieties.
variable with
Most common varieties in self-pollinated crop are pure line varieties
time because of mixture and mutation hybridization
2. As parents in hybridization programs: Those which cannot be released as
4. Selection for a new characteristics (which was not important previously)
varieties directly can be used as parents in hybridization programs.
in a pure line variety: e.g. plant type, grain type, resistance, etc.
3. In mutation studies: Since they are homozygous, spontaneous or induced
5. Selection from
mutation can besegregating generations from crosses: This may be done
detected easily.
4. through pedigree,
For studies bulk orphysiological
e.g. genetic, back cross methods.
studies & avoid genetic variation
in the experimental materials. 3
 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Selection in self- pollinated crops/ Pure line (individual plant) selection
 General scheme of pure line selection
 Advantages
 It involves & disadvantages
3 steps: selection of pure
of individual linefrom
plants selection
local variety or
 Advantages
mixed population, Visual evaluation of individual plant progenies and
1. Yield trialsmaximum possible improvement over the original variety
Achieves
1st year
2. Theyare
200- 3000 plants
extremely are selected
uniform on by
(preferred thefarmers
basis of&their phenotype
consumers)
3. Easily
2nd year identified
Individualinplant
seedprogenies
certification
areprogram
selected due
and to extreme
rejected uniformity
undesirable
rd Disadvantages
3 year  Selected progenies are planted in PYT, Inferior progenies rejected
1. They lack wide adaptability and stability in production possessed by the
 4th to 7th year  Replicated yield trials over location, Inferior progenies
local or desi varieties from which they are developed.
rejected; Disease resistance and quality tests are done
2. Require more time, space and expensive yield trails than mass selection
8th year  Released best progeny as variety and multiplied for distribution
3. The improvement is dependent on genetic variation in original population
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 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Selection in self- pollinated crops/ Mass (large number of plants) selection

 Mass selection is selecting a large number of plants from the population

The procedures of mass selection
and mixing their seeds together to construct new variety.
1st Year
  From
Selection a variable
is done population
for easily select characters
observable 200- 2000 like
plants withheight,
plant similarear
&
desirable
type, grain colortraits and disease
& size, Composite seeds from
& lodging the selected
resistance, plants
tillering etc.

2nd The
Year obtained population
 Composed from selected
seed planted plants areyield
in a preliminary moretrial
uniform than
along with
original population.
standard checks and Phenotype of the selected population is
 The variety developed
critically evaluatedby mass selection is a mixture of different pure

3rd lines andit Promising

- 6th Year shows considerable
selectionsgenetic variation.
evaluated in coordinated yield trials (e.g.
 The two NVT,major
RVT)applications of mass selection
and If it is outstanding, in self-pollinated
released as a new varietycrops are
improvement of local varieties (land races) and purification of existing
7th Year  Seed multiplication & distribution
pure line varieties become variable through a time 5
 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Selection in self- pollinated crops/ Mass (large number of plants) selection

 Merits of mass selection

1. Developed varieties are more widely adapted than pure line varieties
2. It reduces the time and cost needed for developing a new varieties
because prolonged yield trials are not needed
3. Retains genetic variability, thus, further improvement is possible
4. Less demanding skill, not time consuming
 Demerits of mass selection
1. The developed varieties show variation, not as uniform as pure line
2. The improvement through mass selection is generally less than that
could be achieved through pure line selection.
3. Varieties developed by mass selection are more difficult to identify
6
than pure line varieties in seed certification programs.
 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Pedigree selection / Ancestors Description Selection
 Pedigree: - is a description of the ancestors of an individual plant by going
back to the distant or past ancestors and describes the parents, grandparents,
great grandparents, etc.
 A pedigree is helpful to find out if two individuals are related by descent i.e.
have common parent in the ancestry and have same genes in common.
 Pedigree selection is used for selecting individual plants from F2 &
subsequent segregating generations. Their progenies are also tested.
 During the entire process, a record of the entire parent-offspring r/nships is
kept this is known as pedigree record.
 Individual plant selection is continued till the progenies show no
segregation and after segregation stops, selection is done among the
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progenies, b/c there would be no variation with in progenies
 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Pedigree selection / Ancestors Description Selection
 Maintenance of Pedigree Record
 Each cross is given a number, the first two digits refer to the year in which
the cross was made and the remaining digit denotes the serial number of
the cross in that year. e.g. 7911 cross number 11 of the year 79
 In
 When individual plant
the segregating progenies
generation, are grown
designation in F4,as;each progeny is a given
is done
the row number
 Individual of the F4 plot
plant progenies at which
in each it is located,
generation in addition
are assigned row to the F3
numbers
row number etc.
corresponding to their location in the plot and each progenies in F4 & the
 subsequent
Generationgenerations
Number Description
is assigned the row numbers of the progeny in the
 previous
F3 generation 7911-7 progeny
from which it wasin derived.
the 7th row in F3
Each theprogenies
F3 plot derived
 from
F4 individual F2 plants
7911-7-4progeny in the
is given a row 4th row
number in the F4 plot,
corresponding to the row
selectedatfrom
number the itprogeny
which in the
is located in 7th
F3 row
plot.ofPlants
the F3selected
plot. from F3 progeny

are identified by the row number of that progeny. 8

 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Pedigree selection / Ancestors Description Selection
 Procedures for pedigree method
1st year selected parents planted in a crossing block, and crosses made
2nd year F1 10-30 seeds space planted and harvested in bulk
3
rd
year F2The
Note: 2000-10000plants spacecan
number of years planted, 100-500 superior
be shortened plants selected
by growing 2 or more
4th year F3 Individual
generations plant
per year in progenies space
off seasons planted,
using Superior
irrigation or inplants
greenselected
house.
5th year F4 As in F3 above
6th year F5 Individual plant progenies planted in multi-row plots and
Superior plants selected from superior progenies
7th year F6 As in F5 above and PYT may be conducted
8th year F7 PYT and Quality tests
9th to 13th (F8-F12) multi-location trials, Disease & quality tests
14th year F13 Seed increase for distribution 9
 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Pedigree selection / Ancestors Description Selection
 Merits & demerits of pedigree method
 Merits
1. Gives opportunity for breeder to use his/her skills & judgment in selection
of plants, particularly in early segregating generations.
2. Well suited to improve simply inherited & easily identified characters.
3. Take less time than the bulk method to develop a variety.
4. The pedigree record provides information on the inheritance of characters.
5. Plants & progenies with visible defects can be eliminated at an early stage.
 Demerits
1. Maintenances of accurate pedigree record takes up valuable time
2. Selection large progenies number in every generation consume labor & time
3. Selection for yield in F2 & F3 is ineffective and the success depends on the breeder skill.
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 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Bulk Method / Mass Method or Population Method of Breeding

its
t ra
 The F2 and subsequent generations are harvested in mass or as bulks to

i ts

y
lit
tra

bi
raise the next generation.
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ita
lit
bi

r
he
ita

h-
er

ig
-h

 At the end of the bulking period, individual plants are harvested and

rh
ow

fo
rl
fo

evaluated in a similar manner as in the pedigree method of breeding.

 The duration of bulking may vary from 6-7 to 30 or more generations.

 Artificial selection may or may not be practical during the bulking period.

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 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Bulk Method / Mass Method or Population Method of Breeding

Applications: It is suitable to handling segregating generation of Cereals,

Millets, grain legumes & oil seeds, May be used for 3 different purposes
1. Isolation of homozygous lines: the population approaches homozygous
during bulking period (6-7 generation) and isolated from selected plants.
2. Waiting for opportunity of selection: Selection for biotic and abiotic
stresses are carried in bulk when such environments occur and then
individual plant selection starts as in pedigree method.
3. Opportunity for natural selection: Some bulk populations may be carried
up to 20 or 30 generations to provide opportunity for natural selection to
act.
 Natural selection would favor high yielding & eliminates poor yielding
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 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Bulk Method / Mass Method or Population Method of Breeding

 Procedures of the bulk method

1st Year : Selected parents are hybridized

2nd year F1 F1 space planted, seed harvested in bulk

3rd year F2 F2 planted in commercial seed rate, seed harvested in bulk

4th-7th year F3-F6 As in F2

8th year F7 F7 space planted, individual plants selected, seeds harvested separately

9th year F8 Individual plant progenies grown & Inferiors eliminated

10th year F9 PYT with standard checks and Quality tests done

11th -15th year F10-F14 Multiplication yield trials

16th year F15 Seed increase for distribution 13

 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Back cross method / Progenies Crossed back to one of Parents

 The hybrid (F1) and progenies in subsequent generations are repeatedly

back crossed to one of the parents (recurrent parent).
 The genotype of backcross progeny becomes increasingly similar to that of
the parent to which it is back crossed (known as recipient parent).
 At end of 6-8 back crosses, progeny would almost identical to that parent

 Objective of the backcross method:

1. to improve one or two defects of an adapted high yielding variety
2. lacking characters are transferred without changing its genotype of
recurrent parent without desired gene being transferred.
3. result a well-adapted variety with one or two improved characters of
recurrent parent. 14
 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Back cross method / Progenies Crossed back to one of Parents
 Requirements of a Backcross Program
1. Suitable recurrent parent that lacks only one or two desirable characters.
2. A suitable donor parent with lacking characters in the recurrent parent
3. Characters to be transferred should be highly heritable (mono/ oligogenic)
4. Sufficient back crosses number (6-7) to recover genotype recurrent parent.
 Applications of back cross method
1. Inter-varietal transfer of simply/highly inherited characters
2. Transfer of cytoplasm from one variety or species to another.
3. Recovery of transgressive segregants (formed extreme phenotypes)
4. Production of Near-isogenic lines (lines with identical genotype, except
for one gene and the genomic regions flanking this gene) 15
5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Back cross method / Progenies Crossed back to one of Parents
 Procedures of backcrossing method

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 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Other Approaches / Multi-line (mixture of several pure lines) varieties

 Multi line varieties are mixture of several pure lines of similar flowering,
Example, Production of a disease resistant multi line variety
height, maturity, seed color and agronomic characteristics; but have different
Donor parent Donor genes No. of back Recurrent Iso-lines Multi lines
genes for disease resistance, especially to pathogens with several races.
crosses parent
 If one line is susceptible, others would resistant, thus there is no total loss.
Donor1 (R1R1) 5 A, (rr) A, (R1, R1) Iso-lines
 They buffering against rapid disease developed.
Donor2 (R2R2) 5 A, (rr) A, (R2, R2) composited
Donor3
In pure line (R
varieties
R ) (carrying
5 one or few
A, (rr)major genes),
A, (R ,there
R3) would be total
3 3 3
loss if that major gene becomes susceptible (resistance break down).
Donor4 (R4R4) 5 A, (rr) A, (R4, R4)
 Procedure: Several pure lines with different resistance gene are developed
Donor5 (R5R5) 5 A, (rr) A, (R5, R5)
through back cross program using one recurrent parent.
Note: variety A is a disease susceptible common recurrent parent. 17
 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Other Approaches / Population breeding (F2 intra-mate)

 Outstanding F2 plants are mated among themselves in pairs or some other

fashion e.g. Diallel method.

 This restores much heterozygosity in the progeny which provides

opportunity for combination.

 Brings desirable genes from different F2 plants together and accumulation

of favorable genes in the inter-mated population.

 It increases the chance of recovery of transgressive sergeants

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 5. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING SELF- POLLINATED CROPS
Other Approaches / Hybrid breeding (male sterility & Hand pollination)

 To utilize heterosis

 F1 hybrids are used as commercial varieties known as hybrid variety.

 Not commonly used in self pollinated crops b/c of difficulty of

producing large quantity of hybrid seeds.

 requires hand emasculation or other mechanisms e.g. cytoplasmic

genetic male sterility

 But it was successfully used in tomato, tobacco, cotton, etc.

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 6. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING CROSS- POLLINATED CROPS
Heterosis and Inbreeding Depression

 Cross-pollinated and asexually reproducing species are highly heterozygous

and show a severe reduction in fertility and vigour due to inbreeding and
this reduction or loss in vigor and fertility is called Inbreeding depression
 Conversely, hybridization between unrelated strains generally leads to an
increased vigor and fertility and this superiority of an F1 hybrid over their
parental performance is called Heterosis (Hybrid Vigour) .
 These two aspects are of great significance in breeding of these species.
 Most of the varieties in these crops are either hybrids or
synthetics/composites, and utilize the phenomenon of hybrid vigor.

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 6. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING CROSS- POLLINATED CROPS
Selection Methods in Cross Pollinated Crops

 the breeding methods in cross pollinated crops aim at preventing or

minimizing inbreeding in order to avoid its undesirable effects.

 The breeding methods, commonly used in cross- pollinated crops are:

1. Population Improvement: selections aims to increase the frequency of

desirable alleles, thus improving the characteristics of the population,

2. Hybrid varieties: the first generation (F1) from crosses b/n pure lines,
OPV, inbreds, clones or other population that are genetically dissimilar and

3. Synthetic varieties: produced by crossing in all combinations a number of

lines that combine well with each other.
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 6. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING CROSS- POLLINATED CROPS
Selection Methods in Cross Pollinated Crops/ Population improvement

 So-called mass selection and is the earliest method for cross pollinated crops
which aims to increase the frequency of desirable alleles, gene /genotypes,
thus improving the characteristics of population in direction of selection.
 Mass selection has been used by farmers since early days and expected to
have played a significant role in the improvement of cross-pollinated crops.

 Note: In cross-pollinated crops, the genotype of an individual plant is of

little importance in population improvement programs.
 It is the frequency of desirable genes or alleles in the population as a
whole that determines the value of the population.

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 6. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING CROSS- POLLINATED CROPS
Selection Methods in Cross Pollinated Crops/ Population improvement

 There are two major types (classes) of population improvement methods

1. Without progeny testing: (mass selection) Plants selected based on
phenotype; no progeny testing e.g. mass selection.

2. With progeny testing: Plants are initially selected based on phenotype, but
final selection of plants for next generation is based on progeny testing.
e.g. progeny selection, ear to row method and recurrent selection

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 6. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING CROSS- POLLINATED CROPS
Selection Methods in Cross Pollinated Crops/ Hybrid Breeding

 HybridThe
varieties: are the
operations first generation
in production (F1)varieties
of hybrid from crosses b/n pure lines,
from inbreds;
inbreds, OPV, clones or other population that are genetically dissimilar
 Inbred Line is a nearly homozygous line obtained by continuous inbreeding
of a cross pollinated species accompanying by selection.
 There are three classes of crossing (hybrid)
a. Single cross: the cross b/n two lines/parents; A x B = single cross hybrid
b. Double cross: the cross b/n two single cross progenies & involves four
parents; (A x B) x(C x D) = double cross hybrid
c. Three way cross: a cross b/n a single cross hybrid and inbred; (A x B) x C

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6. PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING CROSS- POLLINATED CROPS

The operations in production of hybrid varieties from inbreds;

25
 Practical
 Steps in hybridization
1. Choice of parents depends on the objectives of the breeding program e.g. yield.
2. Evaluation of parents: checking for characters they are expected to contributed  
3. Emasculation: is removal/killing of stamens of a flower without affecting the
female reproductive organ to prevent self-fertilization in flowers of female parent.
Techniques (methods) of emasculation
a. Hand emasculation: in large flowers by forceps, needles, scissors, shoot and tassel
bags
b. Suction method: in species with small flowers, thin rubber or glass tube attached to
a suction hose to suck anther and pollen from the flower.
c. Hot water emasculation: kill pollen grains in hot water w/o affecting female organ
d. Alcohol treatment: immersing flower/inflorescence in alcohol of suitable concn-
e. Cold water treatment: kills the pollens in cold water
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 Practical
• Steps in hybridization
4. Bagging: after emasculation the flowers are enclosed in suitable bags.

5. Tagging: The emasculated flowers are tagged with carbon pencil just after
bagging with information of Date of emasculations, Date of pollination,
Names of female & male parents (female name written first)

6. Pollination: matured, fertile and viable pollen should be placed on the

receptive stigma to bring about fertilization.

 The pollination procedure consists of Collecting pollen from freshly

dehisced anther and dusting on the emasculated flower in several ways

7. Harvesting & storing the F1 seeds: Contamination should be avoided and

the seeds of each cross separately stored with the original tags. 27
Provided Plant: Tecoma stans - Yellow Elder

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