MODULE NAME: BASIC STRUCTURE
COURSE NAME: UGID SEMESTER
STUDENT NAME:PARISTHI SHRESTHA
REGISTERATION NUMBER: UGID16067
SUBMITTED TO: MR. ASHISH
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The present work is an effort to gather knowledge on ‘LOAD
BEARING AND RIGID FRAME STRUCTURES’ I would like to
express my gratitude to Mr. Ashish Saxena given us the
opportunity to work/research on this project report. I sincerely
thank for your guidance & encouragement throughout since
this project has given us perception and cognizance to attain
knowledge on the aforementioned topic. Thank you all who
supported us.
ELEMENTS OF BUILDING STRUCTURE
A building's structure components are the physical elements that support its weight,
as well as any additional weight the building may bear while it stands. Not all
physical characteristics of a building are structure components. For example, the
wallpaper or an appliance does not bear weight loads and is therefore not a
structural component of the building.
Foundation
The foundation is the lowest load-bearing part of a building. The foundation is
usually concrete, and it is the first component built. The foundation distributes
the weight from the structure on top evenly onto the soil underneath it.
Plinth
The plinth is the structure component built directly on top of the foundation. It
is typically a rectangular wall of stone that goes along the outer dimensions of
the structure. The plinth raises the floor of the building to a few centimeters
above the level of the soil outside the structure in order to prevent groundwater
from getting into the building.
ELEMENTS OF BUILDING STRUCTURE
DPC or Damp Proof Course
A damp proof course is a layer of waterproof material that works to keep out
any moisture from entering the building and compromising the materials.
This layer typically goes on top of the foundation. A plinth works as a DPC,
but where there is not a plinth, you can use asphalt or waterproof cement.
You can build the rest of the structure on top of this layer.
Plinth Beam
A Plinth beam is a beam that runs horizontally along the foundation from one
side of the plinth to another, to support the weight of a wall that will go on
top of it. Plinth beams can be concrete or stone.
Floor
The floor is a flat horizontal surface that supports people and furniture.
Flooring goes on top of the DPC level, and there are a variety of materials
you can use. The purpose of flooring is to provide a dry and hygienic ground
to your structure. Depending on the type of building, you can have multiple
floors.
ELEMENTS OF BUILDING STRUCTURE
Slab
A slab is a vertical base component that works as a floor and a ceiling.
In a one-story building, the slab is the roof. In structures that are
multiple stories, the slab is the ceiling of one story and floor of the story
above it. The slab transfers the weight from the story above it vertically
to the walls and columns that support the structure.
Wall
Walls are vertical structure components that support the roof. They also
provide security and protection from outside weather. You can use a
variety of materials to construct a wall, depending on whether it is an
exterior or interior wall.
Shear wall
A shear wall is a vertical component that is reinforced to withstand
earthquakes or storms. They work by adding additional support to the
wall by transferring additional pressure caused by strong winds or
shaking from the vertical wall to the horizontal foundation.
ELEMENTS OF BUILDING STRUCTURE
Column
A column is a vertical load-bearing component that supports the roof by connecting it to the floor.
It does not protect from weather or provide privacy because it is typically as thick as it is wide and
strategically placed within a structure to support weight.
Roof
The roof is the uppermost structural element of a building. It provides covering for the rest of the
structure to protect it from weather. You can construct a flat or sloped roof out of a variety of
materials, depending on what is best suited for the weather of the region. The roof is a weight that
rests on other load-bearing structures. The load that the roof bears is mostly its own weight, as
well as any additional pressure from weather.
Staircase
A staircase is made up of a collection of steps that allow movement from one floor to another. It
has to bear its own weight and anyone walking on it. You can consider the space available when
deciding the layout of the staircase, as well as the materials used.
ELEMENTS OF BUILDING STRUCTURE
Tie beam
A tie beam runs between columns to support the weight the columns carry. These
are typically used to support columns that are holding up tall ceilings. Columns that
are too long need to be reinforced to prevent buckling under the weight of the high
roof.
Lintel
A lintel is made of a slab of concrete or metal that goes above an opening in a wall,
like a window or a doorway. The lintel supports the piece of wall above the opening,
distributing the weight to the stronger sides of the wall on either side, and
reinforcing the wall where it is weak, above the opening.
Sill
A sill is a part of a wall just under an opening like a window. You can reinforce the
sill to support the weight of the window frame.
LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE
A load bearing structure is a building structure where the load is
moved vertically downwards through the walls of the structure. The
weight is transferred from the roof to the walls which transfer to the
foundation. The load bearing building structure is preferred for
constructions of up to 2 floors only.
These structures offer excellent fire resistance. It has a thicker load-
bearing wall that provides good sound insulation. The construction
materials required for these structures are economical. The construction
process of these structures is simple and doesn't need time-consuming
preparation.
The Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris is an example of a load-bearing wall
structure
EXAMPLE
NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL,
PARIS
RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE
A structure is rigid if it cannot flex; that is, if there is no continuous
motion of the structure that preserves the shape of its rigid components
and the pattern of their connections at the hinges.
In structural engineering, a rigid frame is the load-resisting skeleton
constructed with straight or curved members interconnected by mostly
rigid connections, which resist movements induced at the joints of
members. Its members can take bending moment, shear, and axial loads.
Rigid frames are characterized by the lack of pinned joints within the
frame, and typically statically indeterminate. A rigid frame is capable of
resisting both vertical and lateral loads by the bending of beams and
columns.
EXAMPLE
EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, NEW YORK
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOAD BEARING
STRUCTURE & RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE
Load Bearing Structure Rigid Framed Structure
• Load bearing structure is • Framed structure is generally
rarely used for construction used for construction
purposes. purposes.
• It is a cumbersome process. • It is a simple process.
• The thickness of the wall
• The thickness of the wall
remains as it is with the
increases in height.
increase in height.
• There is no boundation to • There is no boundation on the
construct a wall at a stretch. length of the wall.
• The position of the walls can
• There is no flexibility in be changed so designs and
designing and planning. plans can be changed
accordingly.
• It can be constructed on a • It can be constructed on any
hard layer of soil. type of soil.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOAD BEARING
STRUCTURE & RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE
Load Bearing Structure Rigid Framed Structure
It has lower earthquake power It has good resistance to handling
resistance. earthquakes.
More materials are needed for Fewer materials are needed for
construction. construction.
It has more excavations. It has less excavation.
Less cement and steel are required. More cement and steel are required.
Many labours are required for load- Fewer labours are required for framed
bearing construction. structure construction.
Life is not affected much due to the Life span is reduced if not done
technique of work. properly.
It is effective for 2 storey building It is effective for multi-storey buildings
economically. economically.
The load is transferred to the soil from Beams and columns transfer the loads
the wall-bearing structure. through the footing to the soil.
