Chapter 12 - Ionic Bonding
4-1
Bonds
• Chemical bond - forces of attraction that hold
atoms together.
• The molecule is more stable than the separate
ions/ atoms.
• Bond energy - the energy required to break (or
form) a chemical bond.
• Energy is released when the bond is formed.
• Ionic bonds - bond formed by the attraction
between oppositely charged particles (anion and
cation)
• The transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to
another
4-2
Ionic Compounds
• Ionic compounds - a chemical
compound that has an equal amount of
positive and negative charges so the
compound is electrically neutral. Formed
by ionic bonds.
• Salt - an inorganic compound containing
cations other than H+ and anions other
than OH- and O2-.
4-3
Properties of Salts
• All salts are made of ions and are held together by
ionic bonds.
• Salts form a crystal lattice - an ordered packing 3-
dimensional arrangement of atoms or ions in a crystal
• Crystalline versus amorphous- crystalline solids have
a fixed arrangement of atoms while amorphous solids
like talcum powder have haphazard/ random
arrangement.
4-4
Properties of Salts
• Salts do not melt or boil easily because
of the strong attraction between ions
• Salts are hard and brittle
• Salts conduct electricity when melted or
dissolved to form an aqueous solution
(in water- aq.)
4-5
Energy and Ionic Bonding
• Removing an electron from an atom requires
an input of energy- Ionization energy
• Adding an electron to an atom releases
energy- Electron Affinity
• Lattice energy - the energy released when
the crystal lattice of an ionic solid is formed
4-6
PO43-
Nomenclature
phosphate ion
HC2H3O2
Acetic Acid
C2H3O2-
4-7
acetate ion
Forms of Chemical Bonds
• There are 3 forms of bonding
between atoms:
• Ionic—complete transfer of 1 or
more electrons from one atom to
another (one loses, the other
gains)
• Covalent—some valence electrons
shared between atoms
• Metallic – holds atoms of a metal
Most bonds are together. Electrons form a
common pool called sea of
somewhere in electrons.
between ionic
and covalent.
4-8
Common Names
• A lot of chemicals have common
names as well as the proper
IUPAC name.
• Chemicals that should always be
named by common name and
never named by the IUPAC
method are:
• H2O water, not dihydrogen
monoxide
• NH3 ammonia, not nitrogen
trihydride
4-9
COMPOUNDS CATION +
FORMED ANION --->
COMPOUND
FROM IONS
Na+ + Cl- --> NaCl
A neutral compound
requires
equal number of +
and - charges.
4-10
Predicting Charges on Monatomic Ions
KNOW THESE !!!!
+1 +2 -3 -2 -1 0
Cd+2
4-11
Properties of Ionic Compounds
Forming NaCl from Na and Cl2
• A metal atom can
transfer an electron
to a nonmetal.
• The resulting cation
and anion are
attracted to each
other by
electrostatic
forces.
4-12
IONIC COMPOUNDS
NH4+
Cl-
ammonium chloride, NH4Cl
4-13
Some Ionic Compounds
Ca2+ + 2 F- ---> CaF2
Mg2+ + N-3 ---->
Mg3N2
magnesium nitride calcium fluoride
Sn4+ + O2- ---->
SnO2
Tin (IV) oxide
4-14
Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Formulas of ionic compounds are determined
from the charges on the ions
atoms ions
–
Na +
F : Na+ : F : NaF
sodium + fluorine sodium fluoride formula
Charge balance: 1+ 1- = 0
4-15
Monatomic Ions
4-16
Writing a Formula
Write the formula for the ionic compound that
will form between Ba2+ and Cl.
Solution:
1. Balance charge with + and – ions
2. Write the positive ion of metal first, and the
negative ion Ba2+ Cl
Cl
3. Write the number of ions needed as
subscripts BaCl2
4-17
• Writing BINARY FORMULAS
• 1. CANCEL CHARGES TO GET A TOTAL
CHARGE OF ZERO.
• 2. CROSS- MULTIPLY TILL YOU GET THE
LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLE.
• 3. WHAT YOU MULTIPLIED WITH IS YOUR
SUBSCRIPT.
• 4. DO NOT WRITE CHARGES ON YOUR FINAL
FORMULA.
• 5. METAL IS WRITTEN FIRST AND THEN NON-
METAL.
• SIMPLEST FORMULA IS WRITTEN
4-18
Learning Check
Write the correct formula for the compounds
containing the following ions:
1. Na+, S2-
a) NaS b) Na2S c) NaS2
2. Al3+, Cl-
a) AlCl3 b) AlCl c) Al3Cl
3. Mg2+, N3-
a) MgN b) Mg2N3 c) Mg3N2
4-19
Solution
1. Na+, S2-
b) Na2S
2. Al3+, Cl-
a) AlCl3
3. Mg2+, N3-
c) Mg3N2
4-20
Naming Compounds
Binary Ionic Compounds:
• 1. Cation first, then anion
• 2. Monatomic cation = name of the
element
• Ca2+ = calcium ion
• 3. Monatomic anion = root + -ide
• Cl = chloride
• CaCl2 = calcium chloride
4-21
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
Examples:
NaCl sodium chloride
zinc iodide
ZnI2
aluminum oxide
Al2O3
4-22
Learning Check
Complete the names of the following binary
compounds:
Na3N sodium ________________
KBr potassium ________________
Al2O3 aluminum ________________
MgS _________________________
4-23
Name the ionic compounds
1. BaCl2 11. K2S
2. NaF 12. CrCl2
3. Ag2O 13. CrCl3
4. CuBr 14. CaO
5. CuBr2 15. Ba3P2
6. FeO 16. Hg2I2
7. Fe2O3 17. Na2O
8. MgS 18. BeS
9. Al2O3 19. MnO
10. CaI2 20. Mn2O3
4-24
Transition Metals
Elements that can have more than one possible
charge MUST have a Roman Numeral to
indicate the charge on the individual ion.
1+ or 2+ 2+ or 3+
Cu+, Cu2+ Fe2+, Fe3+
copper(I) ion iron(II) ion
copper (II) ion iron(III) ion
4-25
Names of Variable Ions
These elements REQUIRE Roman Numerals
because they can have more than one possible
charge:
anything except Group 1A, 2A, Ag, Zn, Cd, and Al
(You should already know the charges on these!)
Or another way to say it is: Transition metals and the metals in groups 4A and
5A (except Ag, Zn, Cd, and Al) require a Roman Numeral.
FeCl3 (Fe3+) iron (III) chloride
CuCl (Cu+ ) copper (I) chloride
SnF4 (Sn4+) tin (IV) fluoride
PbCl2 (Pb2+) lead (II) chloride
Fe2S3 (Fe3+)iron (III) sulfide
4-26
Examples of Older Names of Cations
formed from Transition Metals
(you do not have to memorize these)
4-27
Learning Check
Complete the names of the following binary
compounds with variable metal ions:
FeBr2 iron (_____) bromide
CuCl copper (_____) chloride
SnO2 ___(_____ ) ______________
Fe2O3 ________________________
Hg2S ________________________
4-28
Polyatomic
Ions
NO3-
nitrate ion
NO2-
nitrite ion
4-29
Polyatomic ions
• Contain more than one atom.
• Can be positive (only one is Ammonium
NH4+), or negative (lots of them).
• Stay together during a chemical
reaction.
• Form ternary (3 elements present) or
quaternary compounds (4 elements).
4-30
Polyatomic Ions
You can make additional polyatomic ions
by adding a H+ to the ion!
CO3 -2 is carbonate
HCO3– is hydrogen carbonate
H2PO4– is dihydrogen phosphate
HSO4– is hydrogen sulfate
4-31
4-32
Ternary Ionic Nomenclature
Writing Formulas
• Write each ion, cation first. Don’t show
charges in the final formula.
• Overall charge must equal zero.
• If charges cancel, just write symbols.
• If not, use subscripts to balance charges.
• Use parentheses to show more than one
of a particular polyatomic ion.
• Use Roman numerals indicate the ion’s
charge when needed (stock system)
4-33
Ternary Ionic Nomenclature
Sodium Sulfate
Na+ and SO4 -2
Na2SO4
Iron (III) hydroxide
Fe+3 and OH-
Fe(OH)3
Ammonium carbonate
NH4+ and CO3 –2
(NH4)2CO3
4-34
Learning Check
1. aluminum nitrate
a) AlNO3 b) Al(NO)3 c) Al(NO3)3
2. copper(II) nitrate
a) CuNO3b) Cu(NO3)2 c) Cu2(NO3)
3. Iron (III) hydroxide
a) FeOH b) Fe3OH c) Fe(OH)3
4. Tin(IV) hydroxide
a) Sn(OH)4 b) Sn(OH)2 c) Sn4(OH)
4-35
Naming Ternary Compounds
Contains at least 3 elements
There MUST be at least one polyatomic ion
(it helps to circle the ions)
Examples:
NaNO3 Sodium nitrate
K2SO4 Potassium sulfate
Al(HCO3)3 Aluminum bicarbonate
or
Aluminum hydrogen carbonate
4-36
Learning Check
Match each set with the correct name:
1. Na2CO3 a) magnesium sulfite
MgSO3 b) magnesium sulfate
MgSO4 c) sodium carbonate
2. Ca(HCO3)2 a) calcium carbonate
CaCO3 b) calcium phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2 c) calcium bicarbonate
4-37
Mixed Practice!
Name the following:
• Na2O
• CaCO3
• PbS2
• Sn3N2
• Cu3PO4
• HgF2
4-38
Mixed Up… The Other Way
Write the formula:
1. Copper (II) chlorate
2. Calcium nitride
3. Aluminum carbonate
4. Potassium bromide
5. Barium fluoride
6. Cesium hydroxide
4-39
PROPERTIES OF IONIC
COMPOUNDS DEMOS-
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY-
• In a well plate, put a table salt (NaCl) solution in
one of the wells. Dip the two ends of an electrical
conductometer into the well- see if it lights up.
• Repeat the process, substituting dry salt, sugar,
sugar solution and then distilled water for the
aqueous NaCl solution. Rinse and dry the
conductometer every time.
•
4-40
4-41
Properties (contd.)
• MELTING POINTS-
• Heat about 10 gm of table salt (ionic) in a
test tube for a maximum of 2-3 minutes.
What happens? Repeat with heating sugar
(covalent). What happens?
• What does this tell you about the melting
points of ionic compounds versus covalent
compounds? Which bond is stronger?
4-42
Naming Molecular
(Covalent) Compounds
All are
formed from
CO2 Carbon dioxide two or more
nonmetals.
Ionic
compounds
generally
involve a metal
BCl3
CH4 methane and nonmetal
boron trichloride
(NaCl)
4-43
IONIC BONDING COVALEN T BONDING
1. COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS
FORMED BY FORMED BY SHARING
TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS
ELECTRONS
2. FORMED BETWEEN FORMED BETWEEN
METALS AND NONMETALS
NONMETALS
3.IONS ARE FORMED NOT FORMED
4. NO CONCEPT OF MOLECULES CAN BE
SINGLE, DOUBLE OR FORMED BY SHARING
TRIPLE BOND ONE ELECTRON PA IR
(SINGLE BOND), OR
DOUBLE OR TRIPLE
BOND.
5. COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS DO NOT
CONDUCT CONDUCT
ELECTRICITY IN ELECTRICITY
WATE R SOLUTION
6. COMPOUNDS HAV E LOWER MELTING
HIGHER BOILING AND BOILING POINTS
AND MELTING DUE TO SEPARAT E
POINTS DUE TO MOLECULES
NETWORK 4-44
Molecular (Covalent) Nomenclature
for two nonmetals
• Prefix System (binary compounds)
1. Less electronegative atom
comes first.
2. Add prefixes to indicate # of atoms. Omit mono-
prefix on the FIRST element. Mono- is
OPTIONAL on the SECOND element .
3. Change the ending of the
second element to -ide.
4-45
Molecular Nomenclature Prefixes
PREFIX NUMBER
mono- 1
di- 2
tri- 3
tetra- 4
penta- 5
hexa- 6
hepta- 7
octa- 8
nona- 9
deca- 10
4-46
Molecular Nomenclature: Examples
• CCl4
• carbon tetrachloride
• N2O
• dinitrogen monoxide
• SF6
• sulfur hexafluoride
4-47
More Molecular Examples
• arsenic trichloride
• AsCl3
• dinitrogen pentoxide
• N2O5
• tetraphosphorus decoxide
• P4O10
4-48
Learning Check
Fill in the blanks to complete the following
names of covalent compounds.
CO carbon ______oxide
CO2 carbon _______________
PCl3 phosphorus _______chloride
CCl4 carbon ________chloride
N2O _____nitrogen _____oxide
4-49
Learning Check
1. P2O5 a) phosphorus oxide
b) phosphorus pentoxide
c) diphosphorus pentoxide
2. Cl2O7 a) dichlorine heptoxide
b) dichlorine oxide
c) chlorine heptoxide
3. Cl2 a) chlorine
b) dichlorine
c) dichloride 4-50
Overall strategy for naming chemical
compounds.
4-51
A flow chart for naming binary compounds.
4-52
Mixed Review
Name the following compounds:
1. CaO
a) calcium oxide b) calcium(I) oxide
c) calcium (II) oxide
2. SnCl4
a) tin tetrachloride b) tin(II) chloride
c) tin(IV) chloride
3. N2O3
a) nitrogen oxide b) dinitrogen trioxide
c) nitrogen trioxide
4-53
Solution
Name the following compounds:
1. CaO a) calcium oxide
2. SnCl4 c) tin(IV) chloride
3. N2O3 b) Dinitrogen trioxide
4-54
Mixed Practice
1. Dinitrogen monoxide
2. Potassium sulfide
3. Copper (II) nitrate
4. Dichlorine heptoxide
5. Chromium (III) sulfate
6. Iron (III) sulfite
7. Calcium oxide
8. Barium carbonate
9. Iodine monochloride
4-55
Mixed Practice
1. BaI2
2. P4S3
3. Ca(OH)2
4. FeCO3
5. Na2Cr2O7
6. I2O5
7. Cu(ClO4)2
8. CS2
9. B2Cl4
4-56
Acid Nomenclature
• Acids
• Compounds that form H+ in water.
• Formulas usually begin with ‘H’.
• In order to be an acid instead of a gas, binary
acids must be aqueous (dissolved in water)
• Ternary acids are ALL aqueous
• Examples:
• HCl (aq) – hydrochloric acid
• HNO3 – nitric acid
• H2SO4 – sulfuric 4-57
acid
Acid Nomenclature
Anion
Ending Acid Name
Binary -ide hydro-(stem)-ic acid
-ate (stem)-ic acid
Ternary
-ite (stem)-ous acid
An easy way to remember which goes with which…
“In the cafeteria, you ATE something ICky”
4-58
Acid Nomenclature Flowchart
ACIDS
start with 'H'
2 elements 3 elements
hydro- prefix no hydro- prefix
-ic ending
-ate ending -ite ending
becomes becomes
-ic ending -ous ending
4-59
Acid Nomenclature
• HBr (aq)
• 2 elements, -ide hydrobromic
acid
• H2CO3
• 3 elements, -ate carbonic
acid
• H2SO3
• 3 elements, -ite sulfurous
4-60 acid
Acid Nomenclature
• hydrofluoric acid
• 2 elements H+ F- HF (aq)
• sulfuric acid
• 3 elements, -ic H+ SO42- H2SO4
• nitrous acid
• 3 elements, -ous H+ NO2- HNO2
4-61
Name ‘Em!
• HI (aq)
• HCl
• H2SO3
• HNO3
• HIO4
4-62
Write the Formula!
• Hydrobromic acid
• Nitrous acid
• Carbonic acid
• Phosphoric acid
• Hydrotelluric acid
4-63
Nomenclature Summary Flowchart
Now it’s Study Time
DONE
4-65
Rainbow Matrix Game
• Link on Chemistry Geek.com on Chemistry I
page
• http://chemistrygeek.com/rainbow
Use [ ] to represent subscripts since you can’t
enter subscripts into the computer
So H2O would be H[2]O
And Al2(SO4)3 would be Al[2](SO[4])[3]
Additional Polyatomic Ions (you do not have
to memorize these, but they are in the
game!)
Borate = BO3 -3 ; Silicate = SiO4 -4 ;
Manganate = MnO4 -2 (permanganate is -1)
4-66
