Mass Relationships in
Chemical Reactions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Micro World Macro World
atoms & molecules grams
Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in
atomic mass units (amu)
By definition:
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu
On this scale
1
H = 1.008 amu
16
O = 16.00 amu 2
The average atomic mass is the weighted
average of all of the naturally occurring
isotopes of the element.
3
Naturally occurring lithium is:
7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)
Average atomic mass of lithium:
7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016
= 6.941 amu
100
4
Average atomic mass (6.941)
5
The Mole (mol): A unit to count numbers of particles
Dozen = 12
Pair = 2
The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that
contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C
1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023
Avogadro’s number (NA) 6
eggs
Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes in grams
marbles
atoms
1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g
1 12C atom = 12.00 amu
1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C
1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li
For any element
atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
7
One Mole of:
C S
Hg
Cu Fe
8
1 12C atom 12.00 g 1.66 x 10-24 g
x =
12.00 amu 6.022 x 10 23 12
C atoms 1 amu
1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g or 1 g = 6.022 x 1023 amu
M = molar mass in g/mol
NA = Avogadro’s number
9
How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?
1 mol K = 39.10 g K
1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K
1 mol K 6.022 x 1023 atoms K
0.551 g K x x =
39.10 g K 1 mol K
8.49 x 1021 atoms K
10
Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of
the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule.
1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO2 SO2 64.07 amu
For any molecule
molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu
1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2 11
How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ?
1 mol C3H8O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C3H8O
1 mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms
1 mol H = 6.022 x 1023 atoms H
1 mol C3H8O 8 mol H atoms 6.022 x 1023 H atoms
72.5 g C3H8O x x x =
60 g C3H8O 1 mol C3H8O 1 mol H atoms
5.82 x 1024 atoms H
12
Formula mass is the sum of the atomic masses
(in amu) in a formula unit of an ionic compound.
1Na 22.99 amu
NaCl 1Cl + 35.45 amu
NaCl 58.44 amu
For any ionic compound
formula mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
1 formula unit NaCl = 58.44 amu
1 mole NaCl = 58.44 g NaCl 13
What is the formula mass of Ca3(PO4)2 ?
1 formula unit of Ca3(PO4)2
3 Ca 3 x 40.08
2P 2 x 30.97
8O + 8 x 16.00
310.18 amu
14
Mass Spectrometer
Heavy
Light
Light
Heavy
Mass Spectrum of Ne
15
Percent composition of an element in a compound =
n x molar mass of element
x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole
of the compound
2 x (12.01 g)
%C = x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
6 x (1.008 g)
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
C2H6O 52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
16
Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
Determine the empirical formula of a
compound that has the following
percent composition by mass:
K 24.75, Mn 34.77, O 40.51 percent.
1 mol K
nK = 24.75 g K x = 0.6330 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
nMn = 34.77 g Mn x = 0.6329 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1 mol O
nO = 40.51 g O x = 2.532 mol O
16.00 g O
17
Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
nK = 0.6330, nMn = 0.6329, nO = 2.532
0.6330 ~
K: ~ 1.0
0.6329
0.6329
Mn : = 1.0
0.6329
2.532
O: ~ 4.0
~
0.6329
KMnO4
18
Combust 11.5 g ethanol
Collect 22.0 g CO2 and 13.5 g H2O
g CO2 mol CO2 mol C gC 6.0 g C = 0.5 mol C
g H2 O mol H2O mol H gH 1.5 g H = 1.5 mol H
g of O = g of sample – (g of C + g of H) 4.0 g O = 0.25 mol O
Empirical formula C0.5H1.5O0.25
Divide by smallest subscript (0.25)
Empirical formula C2H6O 19
A process in which one or more substances is changed into one
or more new substances is a chemical reaction
A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what
happens during a chemical reaction
reactants products
3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O
20
How to “Read” Chemical Equations
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO
2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO
NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO
21
Balancing Chemical Equations
1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on
the left side and the correct formula(s) for the
product(s) on the right side of the equation.
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas
(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of
each element the same on both sides of the
equation. Do not change the subscripts.
2C2H6 NOT C4H12
22
Balancing Chemical Equations
3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in
only one reactant and one product.
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not O
2 carbon 1 carbon
multiply CO2 by 2
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O
6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
multiply H2O by 3
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O 23
Balancing Chemical Equations
4. Balance those elements that appear in two or
more reactants or products.
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by 7
2
2 oxygen 4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen
on left (2x2) (3x1) on right
C2H6 + 7 O2 2CO2 + 3H2O remove fraction
2 multiply both sides by 2
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
24
Balancing Chemical Equations
5. Check to make sure that you have the same
number of each type of atom on both sides of the
equation.
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
4 C (2 x 2) 4C
12 H (2 x 6) 12 H (6 x 2)
14 O (7 x 2) 14 O (4 x 2 + 6)
Reactants Products
4C 4C
12 H 12 H
14 O 14 O
25
Amounts of Reactants and Products
1. Write balanced chemical equation
2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the
number of moles of the sought quantity
26
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units
Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, what
mass of water is produced?
grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O
molar mass coefficients molar mass
CH3OH chemical equation H2O
1 mol CH3OH 4 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O
209 g CH3OH x x x =
32.0 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O
235 g H2O
27
Limiting Reagent:
Reactant used up first in
the reaction.
2NO + O2 2NO2
NO is the limiting reagent
O2 is the excess reagent
28
In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.
g Al mol Al mol Fe2O3 needed g Fe2O3 needed
OR
g Fe2O3 mol Fe2O3 mol Al needed g Al needed
1 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3 160. g Fe2O3
124 g Al x x x = 367 g Fe2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3
Start with 124 g Al need 367 g Fe2O3
Have more Fe2O3 (601 g) so Al is limiting reagent 29
Use limiting reagent (Al) to calculate amount of product that
can be formed.
g Al mol Al mol Al2O3 g Al2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
1 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3 102. g Al2O3
124 g Al x x x = 234 g Al2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3
At this point, all the Al is consumed
and Fe2O3 remains in excess.
30
Reaction Yield
Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would
result if all the limiting reagent reacted.
Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained
from a reaction.
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield
31
Chemistry In Action: Chemical Fertilizers
Plants need: N, P, K, Ca, S, & Mg
3H2 (g) + N2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
NH3 (aq) + HNO3 (aq) NH4NO3 (aq)
fluorapatite
2Ca5(PO4)3F (s) + 7H2SO4 (aq)
3Ca(H2PO4)2 (aq) + 7CaSO4 (aq) + 2HF (g)
32
Solution Stoichiometry
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute
present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.
moles of solute
M = molarity =
liters of solution
What mass of KI is required to make 500. mL of a
2.80 M KI solution?
M KI M KI
volume of KI solution moles KI grams KI
1L 2.80 mol KI 166 g KI
500. mL x x x = 232 g KI
1000 mL 1 L soln 1 mol KI
33
Preparing a Solution of Known Concentration
34
Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated
solution from a more concentrated solution.
Dilution
Add Solvent
Moles of solute Moles of solute
before dilution (i) = after dilution (f)
MiVi = MfVf 35
How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3
from a stock solution of 4.00 M HNO3?
MiVi = MfVf
Mi = 4.00 M Mf = 0.200 M Vf = 0.0600 L Vi = ? L
MfVf 0.200 M x 0.0600 L
Vi = = = 0.00300 L = 3.00 mL
Mi 4.00 M
Dilute 3.00 mL of acid with water to a total volume
of 60.0 mL.
36
Gravimetric Analysis
1. Dissolve unknown substance in water
2. React unknown with known substance to form a precipitate
3. Filter and dry precipitate
4. Weigh precipitate
5. Use chemical formula and mass of precipitate to determine
amount of unknown ion
37
Titrations
In a titration a solution of accurately known concentration is
added gradually added to another solution of unknown
concentration until the chemical reaction between the two
solutions is complete.
Equivalence point – the point at which the reaction is complete
Indicator – substance that changes color at (or near) the
equivalence point
Slowly add base
to unknown acid
UNTIL
the indicator
changes color
38
Titrations can be used in the analysis of
Acid-base reactions
H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4
Redox reactions
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
39
What volume of a 1.420 M NaOH solution is required
to titrate 25.00 mL of a 4.50 M H2SO4 solution?
WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION!
H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4
M rxn M
volume acid moles red moles base volume base
acid coef. base
4.50 mol H2SO4 2 mol NaOH 1000 ml soln
25.00 mL x x x = 158 mL
1000 mL soln 1 mol H2SO4 1.420 mol NaOH
40
16.42 mL of 0.1327 M KMnO4 solution is needed to
oxidize 25.00 mL of an acidic FeSO4 solution. What is
the molarity of the iron solution?
WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION!
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
M rxn V
volume red moles red moles oxid M oxid
red coef. oxid
16.42 mL = 0.01642 L 25.00 mL = 0.02500 L
0.1327 mol KMnO4 5 mol Fe2+ 1
0.01642 L x x x = 0.4358 M
1L 1 mol KMnO4 0.02500 L Fe2+
41
Chemistry in Action: Metals from the Sea
CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
CaO (s) + H2O (l) Ca2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq)
Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH -(aq) Mg(OH)2 (s)
Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
Mg2+ + 2e- Mg
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-
MgCl2 (aq) Mg (s) + Cl2 (g)
42
